1. Case Study: A 50-year-old male with a history of smoking
presents with hoarseness and difficulty swallowing.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Laryngitis
B. Esophageal cancer
C. Lung cancer
D. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Answer: C. Lung cancer
Rationale: Hoarseness and difficulty swallowing in a smoker could
indicate a malignant process, such as lung cancer, especially if
there is involvement of the larynx or surrounding structures.
2. Case Study: A 32-year-old female presents with irregular
menstrual cycles, hirsutism, and acne.
Question: What condition is most likely causing her symptoms?
A. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
B. Hyperthyroidism
C. Addison's disease
D. Cushing's syndrome
Answer: A. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Rationale: PCOS is a common endocrine disorder that leads to
irregular menstrual cycles, excess hair growth (hirsutism), and
acne due to elevated androgen levels.
3. Case Study: A 45-year-old male presents with abdominal pain,
bloating, and diarrhea. He has a family history of colon cancer.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
B. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
C. Colon cancer
D. Lactose intolerance
,Answer: B. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Rationale: Inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn’s disease
and ulcerative colitis, presents with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and
bloating, and it has a strong genetic component.
4. Case Study: A 25-year-old male presents with persistent
headaches, visual disturbances, and an enlarged sella turcica on
imaging.
Question: What condition is most likely responsible for these
findings?
A. Brain tumor
B. Pituitary adenoma
C. Migraine
D. Sinusitis
Answer: B. Pituitary adenoma
Rationale: A pituitary adenoma can cause headaches, visual
disturbances (due to pressure on the optic chiasm), and
enlargement of the sella turcica, where the pituitary gland resides.
5. Case Study: A 40-year-old male presents with a history of
morning headaches, excessive thirst, and polyuria. His lab results
show elevated cortisol levels.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Addison’s disease
B. Cushing’s syndrome
C. Hyperthyroidism
D. Acromegaly
Answer: B. Cushing’s syndrome
Rationale: Cushing's syndrome, caused by excessive cortisol
production, often presents with symptoms like morning
headaches, excessive thirst, and polyuria.
6. Case Study: A 70-year-old male presents with a sudden onset of
, severe chest pain radiating to the left arm and jaw. He is sweaty
and anxious.
Question: What is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
A. Aortic aneurysm
B. Myocardial infarction
C. Pulmonary embolism
D. Gastritis
Answer: B. Myocardial infarction
Rationale: The symptoms of chest pain radiating to the left arm
and jaw, along with sweating and anxiety, are classic signs of a
myocardial infarction (heart attack).
7. Case Study: A 45-year-old female presents with skin lesions,
fatigue, and joint pain. She also has a butterfly-shaped rash across
her cheeks.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Psoriasis
B. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
C. Rheumatoid arthritis
D. Eczema
Answer: B. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Rationale: The butterfly-shaped rash, fatigue, and joint pain are
classic signs of systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune
disorder.
8. Case Study: A 65-year-old female presents with dizziness, a
history of hypertension, and complaints of weakness in her left
arm. Upon assessment, her blood pressure is elevated, and she has
reduced sensation in her left arm.
Question: Which part of the nervous system is most likely affected
in this patient?
A. Spinal cord
B. Cerebellum
presents with hoarseness and difficulty swallowing.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Laryngitis
B. Esophageal cancer
C. Lung cancer
D. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Answer: C. Lung cancer
Rationale: Hoarseness and difficulty swallowing in a smoker could
indicate a malignant process, such as lung cancer, especially if
there is involvement of the larynx or surrounding structures.
2. Case Study: A 32-year-old female presents with irregular
menstrual cycles, hirsutism, and acne.
Question: What condition is most likely causing her symptoms?
A. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
B. Hyperthyroidism
C. Addison's disease
D. Cushing's syndrome
Answer: A. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Rationale: PCOS is a common endocrine disorder that leads to
irregular menstrual cycles, excess hair growth (hirsutism), and
acne due to elevated androgen levels.
3. Case Study: A 45-year-old male presents with abdominal pain,
bloating, and diarrhea. He has a family history of colon cancer.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
B. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
C. Colon cancer
D. Lactose intolerance
,Answer: B. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Rationale: Inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn’s disease
and ulcerative colitis, presents with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and
bloating, and it has a strong genetic component.
4. Case Study: A 25-year-old male presents with persistent
headaches, visual disturbances, and an enlarged sella turcica on
imaging.
Question: What condition is most likely responsible for these
findings?
A. Brain tumor
B. Pituitary adenoma
C. Migraine
D. Sinusitis
Answer: B. Pituitary adenoma
Rationale: A pituitary adenoma can cause headaches, visual
disturbances (due to pressure on the optic chiasm), and
enlargement of the sella turcica, where the pituitary gland resides.
5. Case Study: A 40-year-old male presents with a history of
morning headaches, excessive thirst, and polyuria. His lab results
show elevated cortisol levels.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Addison’s disease
B. Cushing’s syndrome
C. Hyperthyroidism
D. Acromegaly
Answer: B. Cushing’s syndrome
Rationale: Cushing's syndrome, caused by excessive cortisol
production, often presents with symptoms like morning
headaches, excessive thirst, and polyuria.
6. Case Study: A 70-year-old male presents with a sudden onset of
, severe chest pain radiating to the left arm and jaw. He is sweaty
and anxious.
Question: What is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
A. Aortic aneurysm
B. Myocardial infarction
C. Pulmonary embolism
D. Gastritis
Answer: B. Myocardial infarction
Rationale: The symptoms of chest pain radiating to the left arm
and jaw, along with sweating and anxiety, are classic signs of a
myocardial infarction (heart attack).
7. Case Study: A 45-year-old female presents with skin lesions,
fatigue, and joint pain. She also has a butterfly-shaped rash across
her cheeks.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Psoriasis
B. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
C. Rheumatoid arthritis
D. Eczema
Answer: B. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Rationale: The butterfly-shaped rash, fatigue, and joint pain are
classic signs of systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune
disorder.
8. Case Study: A 65-year-old female presents with dizziness, a
history of hypertension, and complaints of weakness in her left
arm. Upon assessment, her blood pressure is elevated, and she has
reduced sensation in her left arm.
Question: Which part of the nervous system is most likely affected
in this patient?
A. Spinal cord
B. Cerebellum
