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• Updated Anatomy & Physiology Proctored Exam Study Manual
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• Updated Anatomy & Physiology Proctored Exam Study Manual
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1. Case Study: A 60-year-old female presents with unintentionalweight loss, persistent cough, and hemoptysis. She is a smoker.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Chronic bronchitis
B. Tuberculosis
C. Lung cancer
D. Pneumonia
Answer: C. Lung cancer
Rationale: Smoking is a major risk factor for lung cancer, which
can present with a persistent cough, weight loss, and hemoptysis
(coughing up blood).
2. Case Study: A 65-year-old female presents with dizziness, a
history of hypertension, and complaints of weakness in her left
arm. Upon assessment, her blood pressure is elevated, and she has
reduced sensation in her left arm.
Question: Which part of the nervous system is most likely affected
in this patient?
A. Spinal cord
B. Cerebellum
C. Cerebrum
D. Brainstem
Answer: C. Cerebrum
Rationale: The patient’s symptoms, including weakness and
sensory changes localized to one side of the body, suggest a
possible cerebrovascular accident (stroke) affecting the cerebrum.
3. Case Study: A 45-year-old male presents with shortness of
breath, wheezing, and a chronic cough. He has a history of
smoking and a family history of respiratory issues.
Question: Which condition is most likely causing these
,symptoms?
A. Emphysema
B. Pneumonia
C. Bronchitis
D. Asthma
Answer: A. Emphysema
Rationale: Emphysema, a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD), is common in smokers and can cause shortness of
breath, wheezing, and a chronic cough due to damage to the
alveoli in the lungs.
4. Case Study: A 50-year-old male complains of frequent urination,
nocturia, and difficulty starting urination. Digital rectal
examination reveals an enlarged prostate.
Question: What is the most likely cause of this patient’s
symptoms?
A. Prostate cancer
B. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
C. Urinary tract infection
D. Bladder cancer
Answer: B. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Rationale: Benign prostatic hyperplasia is common in older males
and causes urinary symptoms due to the enlarged prostate
obstructing the urethra.
5. Case Study: A 30-year-old male complains of increased thirst,
frequent urination, and fatigue. Laboratory tests reveal high blood
glucose levels.
Question: Which organ is most responsible for regulating the
patient’s blood glucose levels?
A. Liver
B. Pancreas
C. Kidneys
, D. Heart
Answer: B. Pancreas
Rationale: The pancreas produces insulin, which is responsible for
regulating blood glucose levels. In this patient, a lack of insulin or
insulin resistance could explain the symptoms of high blood
glucose.
6. Case Study: A 60-year-old male with a history of hypertension
and diabetes presents with sudden numbness and weakness on one
side of his body.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
B. Stroke
C. Seizure
D. Brain tumor
Answer: B. Stroke
Rationale: The sudden onset of unilateral numbness and weakness
suggests a stroke, especially in a patient with risk factors like
hypertension and diabetes.
7. Case Study: A 30-year-old female presents with muscle
weakness, fatigue, and a rash around her eyes.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Myasthenia gravis
B. Dermatomyositis
C. Lupus erythematosus
D. Multiple sclerosis
Answer: B. Dermatomyositis
Rationale: Dermatomyositis is characterized by muscle weakness
and a characteristic rash, often around the eyes (heliotrope rash).
8. Case Study: A 45-year-old male presents with severe, sudden
abdominal pain that radiates to the back, nausea, and vomiting.
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