ANSC 3180 Final || A+ Verified Solutions.
What is 1 calorie?* correct answers the heat required to raise the temp of 1g of water by 1C
What is a Joule?* correct answers the energy transferred (or the 'work required') to an object
when a force of 1 newton is applied to move the object 1 meter
ME of a food can be predicted using what?* correct answers Atwater factors
Energy is required to support metabolism for what?* correct answers -maintenance
-activity
-thermoregulation
-growth
-reproduction
1) Energy is required to support metabolism for maintenance in what way?
2) What does maintenance support?* correct answers 1) basal metabolism
2) -kidney filtration
-respiration
-circulation
-nerve and liver function
-cell maintenance (protein and lipid turnover, and ion transport)
What are the activities energy supports metabolism for?* correct answers -standing
-terrestrial locomotion
-burrowing
-flying
-swimming
-brachiation (arboreal locomotion=arm swinging)
-fighting
-playing
-feeding (prehension, ingestion, mastication, rumination/mercyism, digestion, absorption)
Energy supports metabolism for thermoregulation, by maintaining a stable/homeostatic core
body temp through?* correct answers -metabolic activity (to increase body temp)
-panting (to decrease body temp)
-sweating (to decrease body temp)
-gular fluttering (to decrease body temp)
-shivering (to increase body temp)
-vaso-consrtiction/dilation (to decrease or increase body temp)
-brown fat metabolism (to increase body temp)
How does energy support metabolism for growth?* correct answers -protein and fat deposition
-bone formation
-pelage (fur,hair, wool) or plumage (feathers) development
-antler formation
,What is energy required to support metabolism for in reproduction?* correct answers -birds: egg
production, incubation
-mammals: gestation, lactation
1) What is basal metabolic rate?
2) From shrews, small animals/birds, and large ruminants, list in order of fastest digestion to
slowest.* correct answers 1) the metabolic rate of an endothermic animal:
-at rest (not sleeping)
-in a post-absorptive state (not digesting/absorbing/metabolizing)
-in a thermoneutral environment
-without stress (physical/psychological)
2) shrews, small animals and birds, large ruminants
Is BMR the lowest metabolic rate?* correct answers No, lower rates include:
-sleeping
-starvation and/or dehydration (prolonged)
-hibernation
-torpor
1) Does BMR correlate more closely with metabolic BW or BW?
2) Smaller animals have a higher or lower energy requirement for basal metabolism per unit of
body weight than a larger animal?* correct answers 1) metabolic
2) higher
What influences BMR in mammals?* correct answers -rapidly growing animals=2x adult BMR
(e.g. pronghorns, harbour and spotted seals, wood rats)
-winter can increase or decrease BMR (e.g. bighorn sheep, reindeers, moose=decreased BMR; vs
desert cottontail, peccary, prairie vole=increase BMR)
1) What are passerine birds?
2) What is the basal metabolic rate like for passerine birds?* correct answers 1) 'perching birds'
or 'songbirds'
-toe formation: 3 pointing forward, one backward, allows for perching
2) -higher than for non-passerine birds
-for an individual species, higher than the general mammalian equation
What are the BMR values of non-passerine birds like?* correct answers gives values equivalent
to the general mammalian equation
What does the BMR for birds correlate with?* correct answers food habits
-tropical and nocturnal birds, BMR is lower than temperate and diurnal birds
-marine birds, BMR is higher than for terrestrial species
-for most birds, BMR is higher than for mammals of the same weight (small birds even higher)
-higher BMR in birds vs mammals may be associated with birds having slightly higher core body
temperature
,What factors can influence BMR for birds?* correct answers -BMRs during the non-active part
of the day are lower than during the active part of the day (e.g. pigeon, little penguin)
-BMR for many passerines, is higher in winter than in summer
-BMR in non-passerines either does not change seasonally or is higher in summer than in winter
(e.g. ptarmigan)
-BMR in newly hatched birds is typically low (except gulls and terns, BMR at hatching is the
same as adult BMR)
-BMR will rise above normal adult level during rapid growth
Describe energy for standing* correct answers -mammals require more energy for standing than
lying (exceptions: equids, elephants)
-birds require more energy for standing than sitting (exception: flamingos)
1) What is considered horizontal terrestrial locomotion?
2) Describe the energy used for terrestrial locomotion
3) What are some exceptions to terrestrial locomotion not being a major energy expense?*
correct answers 1) walking, trotting, running
-locomotion as part of daily energy expenditure
2) -energy used increases linearly with speed
-energy cost at any given speed is greater for smaller animals (leg length increases with body
weight=longer stride)
-same estimation for both quadrupeds and bipeds (exceptions: penguins, waterfowl; waddling
requires 2x as much energy)
-typically not a major energy expense
3) -migration (birds flying, mammals walking)
-locomotion through snow (e.g. deer, elk, caribou)
Describe foot loading, a type of terrestrial locomotion (horizontal)* correct answers -weight and
surface area
-important in energy cost of locomotion in snow (big feet and small BW=less energy required to
move)
-light foot-loading, caribou, wolves, deer
-heavy foot-loading, bison, moose, elk
Describe tobogganing, a type of terrestrial locomotion (horizontal)* correct answers -penguins
will often 'toboggan' in soft snow, as waddling has high energy cost
-but tobogganing on hard snow can cause feather wear
Describe vertical terrestrial locomotion* correct answers -all species, all BWs, all angles of the
slope (ascending)
-more energy than typical horizontal locomotion
Describe energy for burrowing* correct answers -burrowing requires more energy than walking
-but supplies: access to food, protection from predators, a more stable thermal environment
, Describe energy for flying* correct answers -energy costs of flight in bats=similar to birds
-energy costs for flight are high per unit of time but low per unit of distance
Describe energy for swimming* correct answers -per unit distance, swimming requires less
energy than running or flying
-as with terrestrial locomotion, increased speed=increased energy demand
-surface swimming=less efficient than submerged swimming
1) What is meant by brachiation?
2) Describe energy for brachiation* correct answers 1) swinging from tree to tree using arms
2) -more energy cost than for terrestrial locomotion (walking)
-hanging without movement=more energy vs resting (compared to energy required by typical
animal standing vs lying down)
Energy and nutrients for reproduction are required for what?* correct answers -sperm
-eggs (mammal and bird)
-fetus
-enlarged reproductive organs (testes, ovary and oviduct, uterus, mammary glands)
-milk
-heat production for egg incubation
-territorial establishment and defence, courtship
-nest, burrow construction
-searching for food for young
What are the energy/nutrient demands for male mammals for reproduction?* correct answers -
testicular growth (minimal energy and protein requirements)
-sperm production (minimal energy and protein requirements)
What are the energy/nutrient demands for female mammals for reproduction?* correct answers -
ovary and oviduct growth (minimal energy and protein requirements)
-gravis uterus growth (uterus and fetus)
-mammary growth
-lactation
What is the DEE of pregnant mammals growing the uterus and fetus like compared non-
pregnant?* correct answers higher
Which species groups is milk produced by?* correct answers all eutherian, marsupial, and
monotreme mammals
1) What is the colostrum?
2) Maternal immunoglobulins may be passed..?* correct answers 1) the first milk produced
during each lactation
-typically rich in immunoglobulins to provide passive immunity to the neonate
2) -to the fetus only in uterus (e.g. primates, guinea pigs, rabbits)
-to the fetus both in utero and from colostrum (e.g. rats, mice, felids, canids)
What is 1 calorie?* correct answers the heat required to raise the temp of 1g of water by 1C
What is a Joule?* correct answers the energy transferred (or the 'work required') to an object
when a force of 1 newton is applied to move the object 1 meter
ME of a food can be predicted using what?* correct answers Atwater factors
Energy is required to support metabolism for what?* correct answers -maintenance
-activity
-thermoregulation
-growth
-reproduction
1) Energy is required to support metabolism for maintenance in what way?
2) What does maintenance support?* correct answers 1) basal metabolism
2) -kidney filtration
-respiration
-circulation
-nerve and liver function
-cell maintenance (protein and lipid turnover, and ion transport)
What are the activities energy supports metabolism for?* correct answers -standing
-terrestrial locomotion
-burrowing
-flying
-swimming
-brachiation (arboreal locomotion=arm swinging)
-fighting
-playing
-feeding (prehension, ingestion, mastication, rumination/mercyism, digestion, absorption)
Energy supports metabolism for thermoregulation, by maintaining a stable/homeostatic core
body temp through?* correct answers -metabolic activity (to increase body temp)
-panting (to decrease body temp)
-sweating (to decrease body temp)
-gular fluttering (to decrease body temp)
-shivering (to increase body temp)
-vaso-consrtiction/dilation (to decrease or increase body temp)
-brown fat metabolism (to increase body temp)
How does energy support metabolism for growth?* correct answers -protein and fat deposition
-bone formation
-pelage (fur,hair, wool) or plumage (feathers) development
-antler formation
,What is energy required to support metabolism for in reproduction?* correct answers -birds: egg
production, incubation
-mammals: gestation, lactation
1) What is basal metabolic rate?
2) From shrews, small animals/birds, and large ruminants, list in order of fastest digestion to
slowest.* correct answers 1) the metabolic rate of an endothermic animal:
-at rest (not sleeping)
-in a post-absorptive state (not digesting/absorbing/metabolizing)
-in a thermoneutral environment
-without stress (physical/psychological)
2) shrews, small animals and birds, large ruminants
Is BMR the lowest metabolic rate?* correct answers No, lower rates include:
-sleeping
-starvation and/or dehydration (prolonged)
-hibernation
-torpor
1) Does BMR correlate more closely with metabolic BW or BW?
2) Smaller animals have a higher or lower energy requirement for basal metabolism per unit of
body weight than a larger animal?* correct answers 1) metabolic
2) higher
What influences BMR in mammals?* correct answers -rapidly growing animals=2x adult BMR
(e.g. pronghorns, harbour and spotted seals, wood rats)
-winter can increase or decrease BMR (e.g. bighorn sheep, reindeers, moose=decreased BMR; vs
desert cottontail, peccary, prairie vole=increase BMR)
1) What are passerine birds?
2) What is the basal metabolic rate like for passerine birds?* correct answers 1) 'perching birds'
or 'songbirds'
-toe formation: 3 pointing forward, one backward, allows for perching
2) -higher than for non-passerine birds
-for an individual species, higher than the general mammalian equation
What are the BMR values of non-passerine birds like?* correct answers gives values equivalent
to the general mammalian equation
What does the BMR for birds correlate with?* correct answers food habits
-tropical and nocturnal birds, BMR is lower than temperate and diurnal birds
-marine birds, BMR is higher than for terrestrial species
-for most birds, BMR is higher than for mammals of the same weight (small birds even higher)
-higher BMR in birds vs mammals may be associated with birds having slightly higher core body
temperature
,What factors can influence BMR for birds?* correct answers -BMRs during the non-active part
of the day are lower than during the active part of the day (e.g. pigeon, little penguin)
-BMR for many passerines, is higher in winter than in summer
-BMR in non-passerines either does not change seasonally or is higher in summer than in winter
(e.g. ptarmigan)
-BMR in newly hatched birds is typically low (except gulls and terns, BMR at hatching is the
same as adult BMR)
-BMR will rise above normal adult level during rapid growth
Describe energy for standing* correct answers -mammals require more energy for standing than
lying (exceptions: equids, elephants)
-birds require more energy for standing than sitting (exception: flamingos)
1) What is considered horizontal terrestrial locomotion?
2) Describe the energy used for terrestrial locomotion
3) What are some exceptions to terrestrial locomotion not being a major energy expense?*
correct answers 1) walking, trotting, running
-locomotion as part of daily energy expenditure
2) -energy used increases linearly with speed
-energy cost at any given speed is greater for smaller animals (leg length increases with body
weight=longer stride)
-same estimation for both quadrupeds and bipeds (exceptions: penguins, waterfowl; waddling
requires 2x as much energy)
-typically not a major energy expense
3) -migration (birds flying, mammals walking)
-locomotion through snow (e.g. deer, elk, caribou)
Describe foot loading, a type of terrestrial locomotion (horizontal)* correct answers -weight and
surface area
-important in energy cost of locomotion in snow (big feet and small BW=less energy required to
move)
-light foot-loading, caribou, wolves, deer
-heavy foot-loading, bison, moose, elk
Describe tobogganing, a type of terrestrial locomotion (horizontal)* correct answers -penguins
will often 'toboggan' in soft snow, as waddling has high energy cost
-but tobogganing on hard snow can cause feather wear
Describe vertical terrestrial locomotion* correct answers -all species, all BWs, all angles of the
slope (ascending)
-more energy than typical horizontal locomotion
Describe energy for burrowing* correct answers -burrowing requires more energy than walking
-but supplies: access to food, protection from predators, a more stable thermal environment
, Describe energy for flying* correct answers -energy costs of flight in bats=similar to birds
-energy costs for flight are high per unit of time but low per unit of distance
Describe energy for swimming* correct answers -per unit distance, swimming requires less
energy than running or flying
-as with terrestrial locomotion, increased speed=increased energy demand
-surface swimming=less efficient than submerged swimming
1) What is meant by brachiation?
2) Describe energy for brachiation* correct answers 1) swinging from tree to tree using arms
2) -more energy cost than for terrestrial locomotion (walking)
-hanging without movement=more energy vs resting (compared to energy required by typical
animal standing vs lying down)
Energy and nutrients for reproduction are required for what?* correct answers -sperm
-eggs (mammal and bird)
-fetus
-enlarged reproductive organs (testes, ovary and oviduct, uterus, mammary glands)
-milk
-heat production for egg incubation
-territorial establishment and defence, courtship
-nest, burrow construction
-searching for food for young
What are the energy/nutrient demands for male mammals for reproduction?* correct answers -
testicular growth (minimal energy and protein requirements)
-sperm production (minimal energy and protein requirements)
What are the energy/nutrient demands for female mammals for reproduction?* correct answers -
ovary and oviduct growth (minimal energy and protein requirements)
-gravis uterus growth (uterus and fetus)
-mammary growth
-lactation
What is the DEE of pregnant mammals growing the uterus and fetus like compared non-
pregnant?* correct answers higher
Which species groups is milk produced by?* correct answers all eutherian, marsupial, and
monotreme mammals
1) What is the colostrum?
2) Maternal immunoglobulins may be passed..?* correct answers 1) the first milk produced
during each lactation
-typically rich in immunoglobulins to provide passive immunity to the neonate
2) -to the fetus only in uterus (e.g. primates, guinea pigs, rabbits)
-to the fetus both in utero and from colostrum (e.g. rats, mice, felids, canids)
