A&P Lec Exam 3 Hunter College Questions With Complete
Solutions
Herniated (slipped) disc
____ ______ consists of (1) widely separated cells surrounded
by (2) large amounts of matrix Correct Answers Bone tissue
______ of skeletal muscle fibers varies according to the content
of myoglobin, an oxygen-storing reddish pigment. Red muscle
fibers have high myoglobin content and are specialized for
aerobic cellular respiration, while the myoglobin content of
white muscle fibers is low and they are adapted for glycolysis.
Correct Answers Color
_______ provides nutrients and oxygen for contraction and
removes waste Correct Answers Blood
________ tissue forms most of the skeleton, the framework that
supports and protects our organs and allows us to move Correct
Answers Bone (osseous)
_________ has been known for many years to promote bone
mineral accumulation. Exercise in postmenopausal women can
be an effective way of combating osteoporosis without the risk
of cancer. Correct Answers Exercise
_________ is lent to articulations by ligaments and joint
capsules as well as by action of surrounding muscles Correct
Answers Support
,_________ subjected to the weightlessness of space, loose bone
mass as much as 1% per week Correct Answers Astronauts
______________________ (produced by the pituitary gland)
and __________________ (produced in bone and liver under the
influence of hGH) stimulate bone deposition and changes during
growth. Variations from normal levels of these hormones can
lead to either gigantism or dwarfism Correct Answers Human
Growth Hormone (hGH); Insulin-Growth Factor (IGF)
___________________________ Such as walking or moderate
weightlifting, help build and retain bone mass Correct Answers
Weight-bearing activities
- refers to the formation of bone within a hyaline cartilage model
-mesenchyma is transformed into chondroblasts, which produce
a hyaline cartilage that is then replaced by bone
-the cartilage model grows by interstitial (in length) and
appositional (in thickness) growth
-the primary ossification center of a long bone is formed in the
diaphysis
-cartilage degenerates, leaving cavities that merge to form the
medullary cavity
-osteoblasts lay down bone
-The secondary ossification centers develop in the epiphyses,
where bone replaces cartilage, except for the epiphyseal plate
Correct Answers Endochondral (intracartilaginous) ossification
- unlike skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue contracts
and relaxes rapidly (75 times/min), continuously, and
rhythmically. - most of ATP is generated aerobically by
,numerous mitochondria. - cardiac muscle can contract without
extrinsic (outside) stimulation and can remain contracted longer
than skeletal muscle tissue. Cardiac muscle fibers contract in
response to stimulation by a network of specialized cells -
autorhythmic cells = PACE MAKER - which are self-excitable.
-the heart rate can change in response to neural (autonomic, not
motor) or hormonal stimulation (pituitary and adrenal glands,
kidneys, heart - secrete hormones)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4404375/ . -
cardiac muscle has a long refractory period that allows time for
the heart to relax between beats and thus prevents tetanus.
Correct Answers Cardiac muscle tissue physiology
-25% of bones in body
-Consist of trabeculae (thin plates of bone) surrounding many
red marrow-filled spaces
-Form most of the structure of short, flat, and irregular bones,
and the epiphysis of long bones
-Functionally, spongy bones store red marrow and provide some
support Correct Answers Spongy bones
-a protein shaped like two gulf clubs (two polypeptides) twisted
together. The tails point to the Mline in the center of the
sarcomere. Projecting myosin heads are known as cross bridges
and contain actin and ATP-binding sites. They project out
towards the thin filaments. The tails of neighboring myosin
molecules lie parallel to each other. Correct Answers Myosin
-it is the first approved selective estrogen receptor modulator =
SERM
-other SERMs are now being tested in clinical trials
, -these drugs function as estrogen on the bone but not on the
other organs
-EVISTA was found to function as an anti-estrogen in the breast
tissue by blocking the estrogen receptor; activation of the
estrogen receptor can spur breast cancer growth; so EVISTA, by
blocking the estrogen receptor on the breast tissue, might
actually reduce the risk of breast cancer
-EVISTA is only one half to one third as effective as estrogen in
preventing bone loss Correct Answers EVISTA or raloxifene
-most movements are coordinated by several skeletal muscles
acting in groups rather than individually, and most skeletal
muscles are arranged in opposing (antagonistic) pairs at joints
a) a muscle that causes a desired action is referred to as the
prime mover (agonist);
b) the antagonist produces an opposite action. Antagonists are
placed in the opposite side of the prime mover
c) most movements also involve muscles called synergists,
which serve to steady a movement, thus preventing unwanted
movements and helping the prime mover function more
efficiently - placed alongside the prime mover (EX. extensor
carpi acts as a synergist for the flexor digitorum)
d) some synergistic muscles in a group also act as fixators,
which stabilize the origin of the prime mover so that it can act
more efficiently - (Ex. scapular muscles stabilize the deltoid
action)
Under different conditions and depending on the movement and
whic Correct Answers Group actions
-occurs within fibrous connective tissue membranes of the
embryo and the adult
Solutions
Herniated (slipped) disc
____ ______ consists of (1) widely separated cells surrounded
by (2) large amounts of matrix Correct Answers Bone tissue
______ of skeletal muscle fibers varies according to the content
of myoglobin, an oxygen-storing reddish pigment. Red muscle
fibers have high myoglobin content and are specialized for
aerobic cellular respiration, while the myoglobin content of
white muscle fibers is low and they are adapted for glycolysis.
Correct Answers Color
_______ provides nutrients and oxygen for contraction and
removes waste Correct Answers Blood
________ tissue forms most of the skeleton, the framework that
supports and protects our organs and allows us to move Correct
Answers Bone (osseous)
_________ has been known for many years to promote bone
mineral accumulation. Exercise in postmenopausal women can
be an effective way of combating osteoporosis without the risk
of cancer. Correct Answers Exercise
_________ is lent to articulations by ligaments and joint
capsules as well as by action of surrounding muscles Correct
Answers Support
,_________ subjected to the weightlessness of space, loose bone
mass as much as 1% per week Correct Answers Astronauts
______________________ (produced by the pituitary gland)
and __________________ (produced in bone and liver under the
influence of hGH) stimulate bone deposition and changes during
growth. Variations from normal levels of these hormones can
lead to either gigantism or dwarfism Correct Answers Human
Growth Hormone (hGH); Insulin-Growth Factor (IGF)
___________________________ Such as walking or moderate
weightlifting, help build and retain bone mass Correct Answers
Weight-bearing activities
- refers to the formation of bone within a hyaline cartilage model
-mesenchyma is transformed into chondroblasts, which produce
a hyaline cartilage that is then replaced by bone
-the cartilage model grows by interstitial (in length) and
appositional (in thickness) growth
-the primary ossification center of a long bone is formed in the
diaphysis
-cartilage degenerates, leaving cavities that merge to form the
medullary cavity
-osteoblasts lay down bone
-The secondary ossification centers develop in the epiphyses,
where bone replaces cartilage, except for the epiphyseal plate
Correct Answers Endochondral (intracartilaginous) ossification
- unlike skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue contracts
and relaxes rapidly (75 times/min), continuously, and
rhythmically. - most of ATP is generated aerobically by
,numerous mitochondria. - cardiac muscle can contract without
extrinsic (outside) stimulation and can remain contracted longer
than skeletal muscle tissue. Cardiac muscle fibers contract in
response to stimulation by a network of specialized cells -
autorhythmic cells = PACE MAKER - which are self-excitable.
-the heart rate can change in response to neural (autonomic, not
motor) or hormonal stimulation (pituitary and adrenal glands,
kidneys, heart - secrete hormones)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4404375/ . -
cardiac muscle has a long refractory period that allows time for
the heart to relax between beats and thus prevents tetanus.
Correct Answers Cardiac muscle tissue physiology
-25% of bones in body
-Consist of trabeculae (thin plates of bone) surrounding many
red marrow-filled spaces
-Form most of the structure of short, flat, and irregular bones,
and the epiphysis of long bones
-Functionally, spongy bones store red marrow and provide some
support Correct Answers Spongy bones
-a protein shaped like two gulf clubs (two polypeptides) twisted
together. The tails point to the Mline in the center of the
sarcomere. Projecting myosin heads are known as cross bridges
and contain actin and ATP-binding sites. They project out
towards the thin filaments. The tails of neighboring myosin
molecules lie parallel to each other. Correct Answers Myosin
-it is the first approved selective estrogen receptor modulator =
SERM
-other SERMs are now being tested in clinical trials
, -these drugs function as estrogen on the bone but not on the
other organs
-EVISTA was found to function as an anti-estrogen in the breast
tissue by blocking the estrogen receptor; activation of the
estrogen receptor can spur breast cancer growth; so EVISTA, by
blocking the estrogen receptor on the breast tissue, might
actually reduce the risk of breast cancer
-EVISTA is only one half to one third as effective as estrogen in
preventing bone loss Correct Answers EVISTA or raloxifene
-most movements are coordinated by several skeletal muscles
acting in groups rather than individually, and most skeletal
muscles are arranged in opposing (antagonistic) pairs at joints
a) a muscle that causes a desired action is referred to as the
prime mover (agonist);
b) the antagonist produces an opposite action. Antagonists are
placed in the opposite side of the prime mover
c) most movements also involve muscles called synergists,
which serve to steady a movement, thus preventing unwanted
movements and helping the prime mover function more
efficiently - placed alongside the prime mover (EX. extensor
carpi acts as a synergist for the flexor digitorum)
d) some synergistic muscles in a group also act as fixators,
which stabilize the origin of the prime mover so that it can act
more efficiently - (Ex. scapular muscles stabilize the deltoid
action)
Under different conditions and depending on the movement and
whic Correct Answers Group actions
-occurs within fibrous connective tissue membranes of the
embryo and the adult
