MANIA & BIPOLAR SPECTRUM DISORDERS: BP: mood disorder characterized by episodic/prolonged mood eps
ranging b/w mania (distinct period of abnormally/persistently elevated/expansive/irritable mood & persistently increased
activity or energy lasting 1 week+) & freq periods of depression (2 weeks+). BPI: 1+ manic ep BPII: lifetime combo of
MD & 1+ manic ep. Cyclothymic: hypomanic (4+ days) & dep symptoms not severe enough for manic or MD.
Prevalence: BPI: 12m prevalence in US adults is 1.5% / rates don’t differ b/w genders / Cyclothymic + Unspecified:
3-4x more common & high rates of progress than BPI/II Development & Course: BPI: peak age onset: 20/% of
manic eps immediately before MD ep / Rapid Cycling: 4 mood eps/yr, poorer outcomes/prognosis / BPII: often begins
w/ depressive ep / highly recurrent Environmental Risks: BPI: childhood adversity: poorer prognosis/worse clinical
picture / cannabis exacerbates manic symptoms Genetics: BPI: heritability 90% / twin studies suggest monozygotic
concordance b/w 40-70% / shared genetic risk b/w BP, schiz, ASD Associated Features: BPII: heightened levels of
creativity → ambivalence ab treatment Cognitive Processes: Beck (& Haigh, 2014): depression → negative beliefs,
manic → overly positive styles / Goal Dysregulation: behavioral activation system overly sensitive (reward/goals)
EATING DISORDERS: Polysymptomatic (maladaptive attitudes/behaviors) DSM5: 4 ED syndromes, 2 atypical ED
variants Anorexia Nervosa: relentless pursuit of thinness, pre-DSM5: dread of weight gain/obesity, DSM5:
consequences of eating (doesn’t have to be intense fear of weight gain) Bulimia Nervosa: defined by binge eating w/
effort to compensate for calories consume, in people w/ normal/above-normal body weight Defining Characteristics:
AN: restrict energy intake relative to requirements → markedly low body weight Binge Eating: periodic dyscontrol
overeating, incapacity to satiate (½ of ppl w/ AN) BN: excessive dietary restraint → appetitive dysregulation & binging
AN&BN: preoccupation w/ body shape/weight, compulsion to restrict food intake Binges: terrifying sense of dyscontrol
Binge Eating Disorder: compensatory behaviors (ie. vomiting, exercise, fast) are absent, associated w/ obesity
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder: “picky eater” syndrome, not b/c of concerns ab weight gain/body image
Epidemiology: ED median onset 18-21 years / 10x more frequent in women / no significant linkage w socioeconomic
status or urbanicity Etiology: multidimensional: Genetic liabilities: mood, behavior Developmental processes:
self-image/adjustment problems, excessive concerns w/ achievement Environmental stresses: perinatal insults/child
trauma State-related effects: nutritional/mental status Social inducements towards intensive dieting / Sociocultura
context: Keel & Klump (2003): AN-like disorders prevalent in diverse (non-western) contexts Specific Traits:
Perfectionism: AN, BN, BED have higher self-rated perfectionism scores Impulsivity: binge/purge have higher levels o
self-reporter trait impulsivity, multi-impulsivity: engaging in 1+ behavior (ie. self-mutilation, substance abuse) Body
Image Disturbances: conflicting conclusions → Favaro et al. (2012): clear-cut tendencies of ED to overestimate bodily
proportion/harsh attitudes towards bodies Espeset et al. (2011): found no difference Genetics: twins support genetic
diathesis for EDs (AN: 33-84%, BN: 28-83%, BED: 41-57%).
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: Childhood/Adolescence Disorders: mental health movement advent
1920/30s, mental disorders appear freq in children (49.5% meet criteria for 1+ disorder by 18). Developmental
Psychopathology: no sharp lines demarcating maladaptive behavior in childhood and adolescence Psychological
Vulnerabilities: children don’t have complex & realistic view of themselves and world, immediate threats are
disproportionately important, lack of experience make manageable problems seem insurmountable Anxiety Disorders:
most common Separation Anxiety Disorder: excessive anxiety about sep from major attachment figures, lack
self-confidence, apprehensive in new situations, immature for age Causal Factors: genetic (OCD especially), parental
behavior & family stress in minority families Treatments: Benzodiazepines (inhibits CNS) and SSRis, CBT Depression
& BP: DS5 mod: irritability substitute for depressed mood / 12% meet criteria for MD in some point of life Causal
Factors: Biological: association b/w parental dep & behavioral/mood problems in children (Kovacs et al (1997))
Disruptive, Impulse-Control, Conduct Disorder: Internalizing Disorders: symptoms inside person Externalizing
disorders: outside person (ODD, CD), don’t confuse w/ juvenile delinquency (legal term) ODD: begins by 8 Conduct
Disorder: med age of onset is 12 Elimination Disorders: Enuresis: habitual involuntary discharge of urine DSM5:
bedwetting that isn’t organically caused Primary: never been continent Secondary: continent for 1+ year, regressed
Potential Causes: urinary tract disorders, faulty learning, personal immaturity, disturbed family interactions, stressful
events Treatment: imipramine (antidepressant lessens deepest stages to light sleep), urine alarm Encopresis: haven’t
learned appropriate toileting for bowel movements after 4, large sex difference (boys 6x more likely)
ranging b/w mania (distinct period of abnormally/persistently elevated/expansive/irritable mood & persistently increased
activity or energy lasting 1 week+) & freq periods of depression (2 weeks+). BPI: 1+ manic ep BPII: lifetime combo of
MD & 1+ manic ep. Cyclothymic: hypomanic (4+ days) & dep symptoms not severe enough for manic or MD.
Prevalence: BPI: 12m prevalence in US adults is 1.5% / rates don’t differ b/w genders / Cyclothymic + Unspecified:
3-4x more common & high rates of progress than BPI/II Development & Course: BPI: peak age onset: 20/% of
manic eps immediately before MD ep / Rapid Cycling: 4 mood eps/yr, poorer outcomes/prognosis / BPII: often begins
w/ depressive ep / highly recurrent Environmental Risks: BPI: childhood adversity: poorer prognosis/worse clinical
picture / cannabis exacerbates manic symptoms Genetics: BPI: heritability 90% / twin studies suggest monozygotic
concordance b/w 40-70% / shared genetic risk b/w BP, schiz, ASD Associated Features: BPII: heightened levels of
creativity → ambivalence ab treatment Cognitive Processes: Beck (& Haigh, 2014): depression → negative beliefs,
manic → overly positive styles / Goal Dysregulation: behavioral activation system overly sensitive (reward/goals)
EATING DISORDERS: Polysymptomatic (maladaptive attitudes/behaviors) DSM5: 4 ED syndromes, 2 atypical ED
variants Anorexia Nervosa: relentless pursuit of thinness, pre-DSM5: dread of weight gain/obesity, DSM5:
consequences of eating (doesn’t have to be intense fear of weight gain) Bulimia Nervosa: defined by binge eating w/
effort to compensate for calories consume, in people w/ normal/above-normal body weight Defining Characteristics:
AN: restrict energy intake relative to requirements → markedly low body weight Binge Eating: periodic dyscontrol
overeating, incapacity to satiate (½ of ppl w/ AN) BN: excessive dietary restraint → appetitive dysregulation & binging
AN&BN: preoccupation w/ body shape/weight, compulsion to restrict food intake Binges: terrifying sense of dyscontrol
Binge Eating Disorder: compensatory behaviors (ie. vomiting, exercise, fast) are absent, associated w/ obesity
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder: “picky eater” syndrome, not b/c of concerns ab weight gain/body image
Epidemiology: ED median onset 18-21 years / 10x more frequent in women / no significant linkage w socioeconomic
status or urbanicity Etiology: multidimensional: Genetic liabilities: mood, behavior Developmental processes:
self-image/adjustment problems, excessive concerns w/ achievement Environmental stresses: perinatal insults/child
trauma State-related effects: nutritional/mental status Social inducements towards intensive dieting / Sociocultura
context: Keel & Klump (2003): AN-like disorders prevalent in diverse (non-western) contexts Specific Traits:
Perfectionism: AN, BN, BED have higher self-rated perfectionism scores Impulsivity: binge/purge have higher levels o
self-reporter trait impulsivity, multi-impulsivity: engaging in 1+ behavior (ie. self-mutilation, substance abuse) Body
Image Disturbances: conflicting conclusions → Favaro et al. (2012): clear-cut tendencies of ED to overestimate bodily
proportion/harsh attitudes towards bodies Espeset et al. (2011): found no difference Genetics: twins support genetic
diathesis for EDs (AN: 33-84%, BN: 28-83%, BED: 41-57%).
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: Childhood/Adolescence Disorders: mental health movement advent
1920/30s, mental disorders appear freq in children (49.5% meet criteria for 1+ disorder by 18). Developmental
Psychopathology: no sharp lines demarcating maladaptive behavior in childhood and adolescence Psychological
Vulnerabilities: children don’t have complex & realistic view of themselves and world, immediate threats are
disproportionately important, lack of experience make manageable problems seem insurmountable Anxiety Disorders:
most common Separation Anxiety Disorder: excessive anxiety about sep from major attachment figures, lack
self-confidence, apprehensive in new situations, immature for age Causal Factors: genetic (OCD especially), parental
behavior & family stress in minority families Treatments: Benzodiazepines (inhibits CNS) and SSRis, CBT Depression
& BP: DS5 mod: irritability substitute for depressed mood / 12% meet criteria for MD in some point of life Causal
Factors: Biological: association b/w parental dep & behavioral/mood problems in children (Kovacs et al (1997))
Disruptive, Impulse-Control, Conduct Disorder: Internalizing Disorders: symptoms inside person Externalizing
disorders: outside person (ODD, CD), don’t confuse w/ juvenile delinquency (legal term) ODD: begins by 8 Conduct
Disorder: med age of onset is 12 Elimination Disorders: Enuresis: habitual involuntary discharge of urine DSM5:
bedwetting that isn’t organically caused Primary: never been continent Secondary: continent for 1+ year, regressed
Potential Causes: urinary tract disorders, faulty learning, personal immaturity, disturbed family interactions, stressful
events Treatment: imipramine (antidepressant lessens deepest stages to light sleep), urine alarm Encopresis: haven’t
learned appropriate toileting for bowel movements after 4, large sex difference (boys 6x more likely)
