Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1
Questions And Answers 2025
3 pathophysiolgical types of AKI - ANSWER-prerenal
intrarenal (intrinsic)
postrenal
. 7 possible mechanisms of fatty accumulation - ANSWER--increased movement of
free fatty acids into the liver
-Failure of metabolic process that converts fatty acids to phospholipids resulting in the
preferential conversion of the fatty acids to triglycerides
-increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids
-decreased synthesis of apoproteins (lipid acceptors)
-failure of lipids to bind with apoproteins and form lipoproteins
-failure of mechanisms that transport lipoproteins out of the cell
-direct damage to the ER by free radicals released by alcohol's toxic effects
. A cellular change, which is often precancerous, is called:
a. hyperplasia.
b. metaplasia.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy. - ANSWER-C
,. A certain disease is currently found in 1 of every 10 people in the country and 1,000
people contract the disease yearly. The population of the country is 4,500,000. Which of
the following statements is correct?
a. The prevalence of the disease is 10% and the incidence is .02%.
b. The prevalence of the disease is .02% and the incidence is 10%.
c. Neither is correct.
d. There is insufficient data - ANSWER-A
. A mountain climber is stranded at 23,000 feet in the Swiss Alps and has lost all his
equipment and supplies in an avalanche. Subsequently, he suffers cell injury due to
impaired ATP production. The reason for the decrease in ATP is which of the following?
a. enzyme inhibition
b. uncoupling
c. hypoxia
d. none of the above - ANSWER-C
. abnormal substances that cause cell accumulation - ANSWER--endogenous: product
of abnormal metabolism synthesis
-exogenous: infectious agent or material
. acute tubular necrosis - ANSWER-damage to the renal tubules due to presence of
toxins in the urine or to ischemia
most common cause of hospital acquired ARF
. An elderly patient develops an obstruction in his left middle cerebral artery. The brain
tissue supplied by this artery becomes hypoxic. The best explanation for this is which
of the following?
a. the obstruction results in decreased blood flow
b. the obstruction results in decreased hemoglobin in the blood
,c. while blood flow stays the same, the obstruction reduces oxygen content in the
blood
d. none of the above explain the reason for the hypoxia - ANSWER-A
. apoptosis - ANSWER--event that results in cell death
-quiet, organized, programmed process resulting in elimination of individual cells
. Apoptosis - mitochondrial pathway - ANSWER--healthy cell - protein Bcl-2 on
surface - inhibits apoptosis
-internal damage to cell
-protein Bax migrates to the surface of the mitochondria where it inhibits protective
effect of Bcl-2
-inserts self into outer mitochondrial membrane punching holes in it
-cytochrome c leaks out
-cytochrome c binds to the protein Apaf-1
-complexes aggregate to form apoptosomes
-bind to and activate caspase-9
-cleaves and activates other caspases (executioner ones)
-digestion of structural proteins in the cytoplasm
-degradation of chromosomal DNA
-phagocytosis of the cell
. Apoptosis death-receptor pathway - ANSWER--Fas and TNF receptor are integral
membrane proteins with their receptor domains exposed at the surface of the cell
-binding of the complementary death activator (FasL and TNF) transmits a signal to
the cytoplasm
-actiavation of caspase 8
-initiates cascade of caspase activation
, -phagocytosis of cell
. apoptosis-inducing - ANSWER--neurons have another way to self-destruct that does
not use caspases
-AIF is a protein that is normally located in the intermembrane space of mitochondria
-when cell receives death signal, AIF:
-released from mitochondria
-migrates to nucleus
-binds to DNA
-triggers destruction of the DNA and cell death
. Atrophy - ANSWER-Decrease or shrinkage in cellular size.Most common in skeletal
muscle, heart, secondary sex organs, and brain.
. calculate the anion gap - ANSWER-AG = (Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3)
. calculation for corrected serum sodium - ANSWER-G= (pt. glucose - 100)/100
(1.6 mEq/L x G) + (serum sodium)
. calculation for ideal TBW - ANSWER-(current Na X TBW)/140
. Calculation for serum osmolality - ANSWER-OSM = 2 X [sodium concentration] +
[glucose concentration/18] + [BUN/2.8]
. calculation for water deficit - ANSWER-((current Na X TBW)/140) - TBW
Questions And Answers 2025
3 pathophysiolgical types of AKI - ANSWER-prerenal
intrarenal (intrinsic)
postrenal
. 7 possible mechanisms of fatty accumulation - ANSWER--increased movement of
free fatty acids into the liver
-Failure of metabolic process that converts fatty acids to phospholipids resulting in the
preferential conversion of the fatty acids to triglycerides
-increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids
-decreased synthesis of apoproteins (lipid acceptors)
-failure of lipids to bind with apoproteins and form lipoproteins
-failure of mechanisms that transport lipoproteins out of the cell
-direct damage to the ER by free radicals released by alcohol's toxic effects
. A cellular change, which is often precancerous, is called:
a. hyperplasia.
b. metaplasia.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy. - ANSWER-C
,. A certain disease is currently found in 1 of every 10 people in the country and 1,000
people contract the disease yearly. The population of the country is 4,500,000. Which of
the following statements is correct?
a. The prevalence of the disease is 10% and the incidence is .02%.
b. The prevalence of the disease is .02% and the incidence is 10%.
c. Neither is correct.
d. There is insufficient data - ANSWER-A
. A mountain climber is stranded at 23,000 feet in the Swiss Alps and has lost all his
equipment and supplies in an avalanche. Subsequently, he suffers cell injury due to
impaired ATP production. The reason for the decrease in ATP is which of the following?
a. enzyme inhibition
b. uncoupling
c. hypoxia
d. none of the above - ANSWER-C
. abnormal substances that cause cell accumulation - ANSWER--endogenous: product
of abnormal metabolism synthesis
-exogenous: infectious agent or material
. acute tubular necrosis - ANSWER-damage to the renal tubules due to presence of
toxins in the urine or to ischemia
most common cause of hospital acquired ARF
. An elderly patient develops an obstruction in his left middle cerebral artery. The brain
tissue supplied by this artery becomes hypoxic. The best explanation for this is which
of the following?
a. the obstruction results in decreased blood flow
b. the obstruction results in decreased hemoglobin in the blood
,c. while blood flow stays the same, the obstruction reduces oxygen content in the
blood
d. none of the above explain the reason for the hypoxia - ANSWER-A
. apoptosis - ANSWER--event that results in cell death
-quiet, organized, programmed process resulting in elimination of individual cells
. Apoptosis - mitochondrial pathway - ANSWER--healthy cell - protein Bcl-2 on
surface - inhibits apoptosis
-internal damage to cell
-protein Bax migrates to the surface of the mitochondria where it inhibits protective
effect of Bcl-2
-inserts self into outer mitochondrial membrane punching holes in it
-cytochrome c leaks out
-cytochrome c binds to the protein Apaf-1
-complexes aggregate to form apoptosomes
-bind to and activate caspase-9
-cleaves and activates other caspases (executioner ones)
-digestion of structural proteins in the cytoplasm
-degradation of chromosomal DNA
-phagocytosis of the cell
. Apoptosis death-receptor pathway - ANSWER--Fas and TNF receptor are integral
membrane proteins with their receptor domains exposed at the surface of the cell
-binding of the complementary death activator (FasL and TNF) transmits a signal to
the cytoplasm
-actiavation of caspase 8
-initiates cascade of caspase activation
, -phagocytosis of cell
. apoptosis-inducing - ANSWER--neurons have another way to self-destruct that does
not use caspases
-AIF is a protein that is normally located in the intermembrane space of mitochondria
-when cell receives death signal, AIF:
-released from mitochondria
-migrates to nucleus
-binds to DNA
-triggers destruction of the DNA and cell death
. Atrophy - ANSWER-Decrease or shrinkage in cellular size.Most common in skeletal
muscle, heart, secondary sex organs, and brain.
. calculate the anion gap - ANSWER-AG = (Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3)
. calculation for corrected serum sodium - ANSWER-G= (pt. glucose - 100)/100
(1.6 mEq/L x G) + (serum sodium)
. calculation for ideal TBW - ANSWER-(current Na X TBW)/140
. Calculation for serum osmolality - ANSWER-OSM = 2 X [sodium concentration] +
[glucose concentration/18] + [BUN/2.8]
. calculation for water deficit - ANSWER-((current Na X TBW)/140) - TBW
