Psychology of Women & Gender (Chapters 1 & 2) Questions And Answers

Psychology of Women & Gender
(Chapters 1 & 2) Questions And Answers
Are5we5making5progress?5-5CORRECT55ANSWER-*5The5short5answer:5Yes!
-5Nonsexist5research5methods5are5becoming5more5popular
-5More5researchers5and5participants5are5women

*5However,5biases5still5remain,5such5as5biases5against5transgender5and5nonbinary5individ
uals

*5So5we5still5have5work5to5do!

Chapter515-5CORRECT55ANSWER-.....

Chapter525-5CORRECT55ANSWER-Theoretical5Perspectives5on5Gender

Cisgender5-5CORRECT55ANSWER-
Describes5a5person5whose5gender5identity5matches5the5gender5they5were5assigned5at5birt
h

Cognitive-Developmental5Theory5-5CORRECT55ANSWER-
*5Kohlberg5(1966)5extended5Piaget's5and5Inhelder's5cognitive5principles5to5gender5roles,5vi
ewing5gender5role5learning5as5one5aspect5of5cognitive5development

*5Children5learn5what5men5and5women5do5and5behave5accordingly

*5Gender5role5learning5is5self-
motivated5and5reflects5active5engagement5with5the5social5environment
5-

5Children5socialize5themselves5and5select5behaviors5to5be5learned5and5performed5on5the5

basis5of5rules5about5what5is5gender-appropriate5in5their5society

*5Gender5constancy
5-

5Understanding5that5gender5is5a5stable5and5consistent5part5of5oneself5is5a5critical5part5of5ch

ildren's5gender5development
5-5Begins5with5children5acquiring5their5gender5identity—knowing5their5own5gender

,• This5typically5happens5around525years5of5age
5 5




Conclusions5-5CORRECT55ANSWER-
*5Different5theoretical5perspectives5operate5from5very5different5underlying5assumptions5an
d5provide5very5different5views5of5women5and5gender

*5Psychoanalytic5theory5and5evolutionary5theories5see5the5nature5of5women5and5gender5di
fferences5as5rooted5in5biology

*5Social5learning5theory5and5feminist5theories5emphasize5culture5and5society5in5the5creatio
n5of5gender5differences5and5gender5roles

*5Cognitive-
developmental5theory,5gender5role5theory,5and5gender5schema5theory5are5interactionist,5d
escribing5interactions5between5the5organism5and5information5from5the5environment
5

*5Evidence
5-5Much5more5evidence5for5social5learning5theory,5gender5schema5theory,5and5cognitive-

developmental5theory5than5psychoanalytic5theory
5-5Mixed5evidence5for5evolutionary5psychology




Criticisms5of5Freud's5Psychoanalytic5Theory5-5CORRECT55ANSWER-
*5The5concepts5cannot5be5evaluated5scientifically5to5determine5their5accuracy
5-5Many5of5these5forces5are5unconscious5and5therefore5cannot5be5studied




*5Most5of5the5ideas5were5developed5based5on5therapy5patients
5-5So5his5views5may5not5apply5well5to5individuals5without5psychological5concerns




*5Overemphasized5biological5factors5(e.g.,5anatomy)5and5gave5inadequate5attention5to5so
cial5or5cultural5forces5that5might5shape5behavior

*5Phallocentric:5assumes5that5the5penis5is5superior5to5the5vagina5and5clitoris

*5Exemplifies5the5historical5theme5of5women5as5sinful5and5evil5(their5immature5superego)

*5Also5exemplifies5a5male-as-normative/androcentric5model

Critique5of5Kohlberg's5Work5on5Moral5Development5-5CORRECT55ANSWER-
*5Carol5Gilligan5(1982)

*5The5main5characters5of5Kohlberg's5dilemmas5tend5to5be5men
5-5Girls5and5women5may5have5trouble5relating5to5him




*5Kohlberg's5original5sample5for5his5theory5was5all5male
5-5So5the5theory5may5not5apply5well5to5women

, *5Kohlberg's5theory5interprets5women5only5reaching5stage535as5a5deficiency5in5their5develo
pment
5-5But5maybe5it5reflects5a5deficiency5in5Kohlberg's5theory5instead—

maybe5it5can't5adequately5describe5female5development

Critiques5of5Chodorow's5Theory5-5CORRECT55ANSWER-
*5Has5a5heterosexist5and5cisnormative5bias
5-

5Assumes5that5and5explains5why5children5will5grow5up5heterosexual5and5consistent5with5th

e5gender5binary

*5Lacks5intersectionality
5-5Focuses5only5on5the5impact5of5gender5in5people's5lives

5-5Ignores5other5factors,5such5as5race5and5class




*5Like5Freud's5ideas,5most5evidence5is5from5people5seeking5psychotherapy,5so5it5may5not5
apply5to5everyone

Evidence5for5Social5Learning5Theory5-5CORRECT55ANSWER-
*5Studies5have5demonstrated5the5effectiveness5of5imitation5and5reinforcement5in5shaping5
behavior
5-5Albert5Bandura5(1965)

5•5Children5imitate5differentially5based5on5the5perceived5consequences5of5a5behavior

5•5Gender5differences5can5be5influenced5by5reinforcements




*5There5is5also5evidence5that5parents5treat5boys5and5girls5differently5and5differentially5rewa
rd5some5behaviors
5-5They5may5encourage5gender-stereotyped5activities5(Lytton5&5Romney,51991)




*5Additionally,5there5is5evidence5of5gender-
stereotyped5roles5in5the5media,5which5can5shape5children's5gender5typing5(Pike5&5Jenning
s,52005)

Evolutionary5Psychology5-5CORRECT55ANSWER-
*5An5updated5version5of5sociobiology5proposed5by5David5Buss5and5others

*5Humans'5psychological5mechanisms5are5the5result5of5evolution5based5on5natural5selecti
on
5-5Psychological5mechanisms5that5exist5today5are5adaptive—

they5helped5us5survive5and/or5reproduce

*5Sexual5strategies5theory
5-5Explains5certain5psychological5gender5differences

5-5States5that5men5and5women5have5different5mating5strategies