NUSCTX 10S FLASHCARDS SET FOR
FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS
Difficulties in Studying Trace Minerals - Answer-•Trace metal contamination is
everywhere
-Need acid-washed, ultra clean glassware
-Double-distilled, deionized water
-Filtered air
-Ultra purified diet components
-Stainless steel or plastic cages
•Tests use blood samples, but blood may not be sensitive measure, e.g. Calcium
•Marginal deficiencies may not be detected.
Toxicity of Supplements - Answer-P: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
Fe: constipation, nausea, vomiting, reduced Zn uptake, Fe overload
Zn: nausea, vomiting, immune suppression, impaired Cu uptake
Se: brittle hair/nails, cirrhosis of liver, peripheral neuropathies, GI upset
Cr: carcinogenic
ß-carotene: increased risk of lung cancer in smokers
Vitamin B6: sensory neuropathy
Free Radical Damage - Answer-The process of oxidation in the human body
damages cell membranes and other structures including cellular proteins, lipids and
DNA. When oxygen is metabolized, it creates 'free radicals' which steal electrons
from other molecules, causing damage.
Minerals as cofactors - Answer-
Iron - Answer-Too little Iron:
reduced oxygen-carrying capacity and energy generation
-especially in women, children
Too much Iron:
a free radical mediated damage
b. susceptibility to infection
c. risk of heart disease, esp. in men
Functions of Iron - Answer-1. Oxygen transport
-Hemoglobin
-Myoglobin
2. Enzyme Cofactor
-More than 200 enzyme reactions
3. Immune Function
-Generates free radicals
,Major Iron-containing Proteins - Answer-1.Hemoglobin: carries oxygen and carbon
dioxide in blood
2.Myoglobin: carries oxygen to muscles
3.Cytochromes: energy generation
4.Ferritin: storage for iron, excess becomes hemosiderin
5.Transferrin: transports iron in blood
Dietary Iron Sources - Answer-
Non Heme Iron Absorption - Answer-Food Sources: meat, kidney beans, peas,
sauerkraut, iron cooking skillets
Enhancers:
-Need: low body stores
-Vitamin C
-Gastric Acid
-Meat protein factor
Mechanism: Reduces, Solubilizes Fe
Inhibitors: phytates(in dietary fiber)
-Calcium?
-Oxylates (leaf veggies, spinach)
-Polyphenols (tea, coffee)
-Some antacids
Mechanism: Binds iron, Forms insoluble compounds
Heme Iron Absorption - Answer-Fe2+ -> Ferritn-Fe3+ -> transporter -> Transferrin-
Fe3+ -> Transferrin receptor-Transferrin-Fe3+ -> Ferritn-Fe3+
Iron Absorption influenced by: - Answer-1.Body iron stores
2.Red blood cell synthesis in bone marrow
3.Blood hemoglobin concentration
4.Blood oxygen content
5.Presence of inflammatory cytokines
Pools of Iron - Answer-1. Storage: Ferretin
-Found mainly in liver
-Has many, many iron atoms
- --Measured by serum ferretin
2. Transport: Transferrin
-Can bind and transport 2 iron atoms
- --Measured by % Saturation in blood
3. Cellular: enzymes, transport proteins
-Does the cell have enough iron to function?
- --Measured by hemoglobin, hematocrit
Iron Deficiency - Answer-Mild: 1. Fatigue
2. Impaired physical work performance
3. Cognitive & behavior abnormalities in children
4. Body temperature regulation
5. Decreased immune function
Severe: Anemia
, •Iron-deficiency anemia
-Iron deficiency results in small red blood cells (microcytic) that do not contain
enough hemoglobin
-Symptoms are fatigue, pale skin, impaired work performance, depressed immune
function, impaired memory
Iron Overload: Hemochromatosis - Answer-Genetic disease
-Accumulated iron damages cells: progressive hepatic, pancreatic, cardiac, and
other organ damage
-Made worse with alcohol
-Prevalence: 1 in 13
-(1 copy-recessive)
-1 in 300 (2 copies)
Hemochromatosis: if untreated, may result in - Answer-•Arthritis
•Liver disease: cirrhosis, cancer, liver failure
•Damage to the pancreas, leading to diabetes
•Heart abnormalities, including arrhythmias and heart failure
•Impotence or early menopause
•Thyroid or adrenal problems
Fad Diet - Answer-A weight loss plan that promises dramatic results
Cleansing & Detoxing - Answer-A period of fasting or severe calorie restriction
followed by a strict diet of fruit juice or raw fruits & vegetables
Muscle Energy Systems - Answer--Power: Immediate energy sources
-Speed: Glycogenolytic and glycolytic energy sources
-Endurance: Oxidative energy sources
*Ultimately We Need Oxygen!!!
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic - Answer-Oxidative = Aerobic
Nonoxidative, Immediate = Anaerobic
Measuring Metabolism in Vivo - Answer-o Indirect calorimetry
o Biopsies
o Arterial-venous differences and tissue blood flow
o Isotope tracers
Glycolysis - Answer-The dissolution of sugar.
Glycolysis (The Embden -Meyerhof Pathway) is Key to the Non-oxidative and
Oxidative Metabolism of glucose. In and of itself, Glycolysis Is a Non-oxidative
(Anaerobic) Pathway.
Maximal Oxygen Consumption - Answer-Depends on, in series, integrated functions
of skeletal muscles, lungs, blood, heart, circulation, endocrines, brain, autonomic
nervous system, and ...?
FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS
Difficulties in Studying Trace Minerals - Answer-•Trace metal contamination is
everywhere
-Need acid-washed, ultra clean glassware
-Double-distilled, deionized water
-Filtered air
-Ultra purified diet components
-Stainless steel or plastic cages
•Tests use blood samples, but blood may not be sensitive measure, e.g. Calcium
•Marginal deficiencies may not be detected.
Toxicity of Supplements - Answer-P: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
Fe: constipation, nausea, vomiting, reduced Zn uptake, Fe overload
Zn: nausea, vomiting, immune suppression, impaired Cu uptake
Se: brittle hair/nails, cirrhosis of liver, peripheral neuropathies, GI upset
Cr: carcinogenic
ß-carotene: increased risk of lung cancer in smokers
Vitamin B6: sensory neuropathy
Free Radical Damage - Answer-The process of oxidation in the human body
damages cell membranes and other structures including cellular proteins, lipids and
DNA. When oxygen is metabolized, it creates 'free radicals' which steal electrons
from other molecules, causing damage.
Minerals as cofactors - Answer-
Iron - Answer-Too little Iron:
reduced oxygen-carrying capacity and energy generation
-especially in women, children
Too much Iron:
a free radical mediated damage
b. susceptibility to infection
c. risk of heart disease, esp. in men
Functions of Iron - Answer-1. Oxygen transport
-Hemoglobin
-Myoglobin
2. Enzyme Cofactor
-More than 200 enzyme reactions
3. Immune Function
-Generates free radicals
,Major Iron-containing Proteins - Answer-1.Hemoglobin: carries oxygen and carbon
dioxide in blood
2.Myoglobin: carries oxygen to muscles
3.Cytochromes: energy generation
4.Ferritin: storage for iron, excess becomes hemosiderin
5.Transferrin: transports iron in blood
Dietary Iron Sources - Answer-
Non Heme Iron Absorption - Answer-Food Sources: meat, kidney beans, peas,
sauerkraut, iron cooking skillets
Enhancers:
-Need: low body stores
-Vitamin C
-Gastric Acid
-Meat protein factor
Mechanism: Reduces, Solubilizes Fe
Inhibitors: phytates(in dietary fiber)
-Calcium?
-Oxylates (leaf veggies, spinach)
-Polyphenols (tea, coffee)
-Some antacids
Mechanism: Binds iron, Forms insoluble compounds
Heme Iron Absorption - Answer-Fe2+ -> Ferritn-Fe3+ -> transporter -> Transferrin-
Fe3+ -> Transferrin receptor-Transferrin-Fe3+ -> Ferritn-Fe3+
Iron Absorption influenced by: - Answer-1.Body iron stores
2.Red blood cell synthesis in bone marrow
3.Blood hemoglobin concentration
4.Blood oxygen content
5.Presence of inflammatory cytokines
Pools of Iron - Answer-1. Storage: Ferretin
-Found mainly in liver
-Has many, many iron atoms
- --Measured by serum ferretin
2. Transport: Transferrin
-Can bind and transport 2 iron atoms
- --Measured by % Saturation in blood
3. Cellular: enzymes, transport proteins
-Does the cell have enough iron to function?
- --Measured by hemoglobin, hematocrit
Iron Deficiency - Answer-Mild: 1. Fatigue
2. Impaired physical work performance
3. Cognitive & behavior abnormalities in children
4. Body temperature regulation
5. Decreased immune function
Severe: Anemia
, •Iron-deficiency anemia
-Iron deficiency results in small red blood cells (microcytic) that do not contain
enough hemoglobin
-Symptoms are fatigue, pale skin, impaired work performance, depressed immune
function, impaired memory
Iron Overload: Hemochromatosis - Answer-Genetic disease
-Accumulated iron damages cells: progressive hepatic, pancreatic, cardiac, and
other organ damage
-Made worse with alcohol
-Prevalence: 1 in 13
-(1 copy-recessive)
-1 in 300 (2 copies)
Hemochromatosis: if untreated, may result in - Answer-•Arthritis
•Liver disease: cirrhosis, cancer, liver failure
•Damage to the pancreas, leading to diabetes
•Heart abnormalities, including arrhythmias and heart failure
•Impotence or early menopause
•Thyroid or adrenal problems
Fad Diet - Answer-A weight loss plan that promises dramatic results
Cleansing & Detoxing - Answer-A period of fasting or severe calorie restriction
followed by a strict diet of fruit juice or raw fruits & vegetables
Muscle Energy Systems - Answer--Power: Immediate energy sources
-Speed: Glycogenolytic and glycolytic energy sources
-Endurance: Oxidative energy sources
*Ultimately We Need Oxygen!!!
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic - Answer-Oxidative = Aerobic
Nonoxidative, Immediate = Anaerobic
Measuring Metabolism in Vivo - Answer-o Indirect calorimetry
o Biopsies
o Arterial-venous differences and tissue blood flow
o Isotope tracers
Glycolysis - Answer-The dissolution of sugar.
Glycolysis (The Embden -Meyerhof Pathway) is Key to the Non-oxidative and
Oxidative Metabolism of glucose. In and of itself, Glycolysis Is a Non-oxidative
(Anaerobic) Pathway.
Maximal Oxygen Consumption - Answer-Depends on, in series, integrated functions
of skeletal muscles, lungs, blood, heart, circulation, endocrines, brain, autonomic
nervous system, and ...?
