NUSCTX 10 - MIDTERM 1 – APONTE
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Scientific method: - Answer-identify the problem, gather data, make a hypothesis, do
the experiment, does the new data agree?
- If no, start back at "make a hypothesis"
- If yes, start back at "do the experiment"
Falsifiability - Answer-testability
cohort studies - Answer-involve followings groups of people over time
prospective studies - Answer-investigator defines the sample and measure the
predictor variables before any outcomes have occured
retrospective studies - Answer-investigator defines the sample and collects data
about the predictor variables after the outcomes have occurred
Law of Constant Heat Sums (Hess) - Answer-the total amount of heat produced or
consumed when a chemical system changes from an initial state to a final state is
independent of the way in which this change is brought about (can't get something
from nothing)
Direct calorimetry - Answer-1) burn food
2) measure heat given off
(1 kcal = increase of 1 kg of water 1 degree celcius)
Basal Metabolic Rate - Answer-rate at which the body uses energy while at rest to
keep vital functions going
Surface law - Answer-the metabolic rate (heat production per unit time) of an animal
is proportional to their respective surface area
BMR equation - Answer-M = 70.5*W^0.75
Ways of measuring BMR: - Answer-1) direct calorimetry: burning
2) indirect calorimetry: amount of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide expelled
3) stable isotopes methods
concentration gradient - Answer-Particles, called solutes, move from an area of
higher number of particles to an area of lower number of particles. The areas are
typically separated by a membrane.
Oxidation reduction - Answer-Oxidation is Loss (OIL) of electrons/hydrogen
Reduction is Gain (RIG) of electrons/hydrogen
ATP is produced in the - Answer-mitochondria
, TCA cycle - Answer-a series of enzyme catalyzed chemical reactions tha tform a key
part of aerobic respiration in cells (also called Krebs cycle)
Converting food energy into ATP involves: - Answer-sugar, protein, and fat, which
are called: glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids
Methods for assessing body composition: - Answer-- bioelectric impedance analysis
- skin fold thickness
- underwater weighing
- dilution methods
- radiologic methods
Factors affecting BMR - Answer-- age, growth
- height, % lean tissue
- fasting, starvation, malnutrition
- fever
- hormones like thyroxin
- sleep
Energy balance - Answer-= energy in - energy out
If positive: you eat more energy than you use (weight gain)
If negative: you eat less energy than you use (weight loss)
Polysaccharides are polymers of - Answer-glucose
1 gram of protein, fat, and carbs are equal to - Answer-4 calories, 9 calories, 4
calories
The ___ sends hunger hormones - Answer-hypothalamus
Pair feeding - Answer-experimental method in which food intake or energy (calorie)
intake are limited to be the same between animal groups and to exclude effects in
the animals by differences of food (energy) intake
Body water - Answer-- dissolves solutes
- transports water-soluble substances
- blood volume and blood pressure
- lubricant and protection
- regulates body temperature
- chemical reactions
- maintain pH
Where is the fluid located? - Answer-2/3 fluid is intracellular, 1/3 is extracellular
blood pressure - Answer-force exerted by blood on artery walls
intracellular fluid is fluid that is ___ - Answer-within the cells
interstitial fluid - Answer-extracellular fluid that is between cells
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Scientific method: - Answer-identify the problem, gather data, make a hypothesis, do
the experiment, does the new data agree?
- If no, start back at "make a hypothesis"
- If yes, start back at "do the experiment"
Falsifiability - Answer-testability
cohort studies - Answer-involve followings groups of people over time
prospective studies - Answer-investigator defines the sample and measure the
predictor variables before any outcomes have occured
retrospective studies - Answer-investigator defines the sample and collects data
about the predictor variables after the outcomes have occurred
Law of Constant Heat Sums (Hess) - Answer-the total amount of heat produced or
consumed when a chemical system changes from an initial state to a final state is
independent of the way in which this change is brought about (can't get something
from nothing)
Direct calorimetry - Answer-1) burn food
2) measure heat given off
(1 kcal = increase of 1 kg of water 1 degree celcius)
Basal Metabolic Rate - Answer-rate at which the body uses energy while at rest to
keep vital functions going
Surface law - Answer-the metabolic rate (heat production per unit time) of an animal
is proportional to their respective surface area
BMR equation - Answer-M = 70.5*W^0.75
Ways of measuring BMR: - Answer-1) direct calorimetry: burning
2) indirect calorimetry: amount of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide expelled
3) stable isotopes methods
concentration gradient - Answer-Particles, called solutes, move from an area of
higher number of particles to an area of lower number of particles. The areas are
typically separated by a membrane.
Oxidation reduction - Answer-Oxidation is Loss (OIL) of electrons/hydrogen
Reduction is Gain (RIG) of electrons/hydrogen
ATP is produced in the - Answer-mitochondria
, TCA cycle - Answer-a series of enzyme catalyzed chemical reactions tha tform a key
part of aerobic respiration in cells (also called Krebs cycle)
Converting food energy into ATP involves: - Answer-sugar, protein, and fat, which
are called: glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids
Methods for assessing body composition: - Answer-- bioelectric impedance analysis
- skin fold thickness
- underwater weighing
- dilution methods
- radiologic methods
Factors affecting BMR - Answer-- age, growth
- height, % lean tissue
- fasting, starvation, malnutrition
- fever
- hormones like thyroxin
- sleep
Energy balance - Answer-= energy in - energy out
If positive: you eat more energy than you use (weight gain)
If negative: you eat less energy than you use (weight loss)
Polysaccharides are polymers of - Answer-glucose
1 gram of protein, fat, and carbs are equal to - Answer-4 calories, 9 calories, 4
calories
The ___ sends hunger hormones - Answer-hypothalamus
Pair feeding - Answer-experimental method in which food intake or energy (calorie)
intake are limited to be the same between animal groups and to exclude effects in
the animals by differences of food (energy) intake
Body water - Answer-- dissolves solutes
- transports water-soluble substances
- blood volume and blood pressure
- lubricant and protection
- regulates body temperature
- chemical reactions
- maintain pH
Where is the fluid located? - Answer-2/3 fluid is intracellular, 1/3 is extracellular
blood pressure - Answer-force exerted by blood on artery walls
intracellular fluid is fluid that is ___ - Answer-within the cells
interstitial fluid - Answer-extracellular fluid that is between cells
