NST 11, MIDTERM 1 EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Initiation - ANSWER-DNA mutation
Cell becomes abnormal
Promotion - ANSWER-Cells grow and divide
Progression - ANSWER-Metasticization - spread
Accesses blood vessel
Can travel
Cause: gene mutation
Phases of Cancer - ANSWER-Initiation
Promotion
Progression
Production of activated carcinogen depends on: - ANSWER-Level and site of
absorption
Translocation of pre-carcinogen to metabolism site
Balance of phase 1 and phase 2 metabolism (we can block 1 or activate 2 to help)
Efficiency of excretion of metabolites
Benzopyrene - ANSWER-Chem that phase 1 metabolism can make cancerous
PHIP - ANSWER-Chem that phase 2 metabolism can make cancerous
Initiation requires (genetic specifics) - ANSWER-A change in DNA: turn something
on or off
Tumor suppressor gene: p53 (fire alarm, causes self destruction), decreases
mutation
Oncogene: RAS, increases mutation
Example of a loss of function gene - ANSWER-p53
Example of a gain of function gene - ANSWER-RAS, SRC
What is an important promoter? - ANSWER-Inflammation
Cause: virus, chemical, lifestyle (obesity)
Extended periods of stress on body
NOT CHANGE IN DNA
Cancer Epidemiology - ANSWER-What are different cancer rates around the world?
What reduces cancer risk? - ANSWER-Lower fat intake
More fruits, veggies, and grains
Less smoked/salted/preserved/packaged stuff
Less direct carcinogen contamination
, What are some food carcinogens? - ANSWER-Fried meat (PAA)
Broiled, smoked meat (PAH)
Peanuts, corn (Aflatoxins)
Sausage, hot dogs, bacon, and cured meat (Nitrates and Amines)
Susan Celinker - ANSWER-Gut bacteria microbiom
Fly genome sequence
Functional genomics: what function is controlled by what in the genome
What is ethanol? - ANSWER-Yeast and Glucose
Alcohol unit - ANSWER-1 drink: 1 unit per hour
10mL or 8g
ABV - ANSWER-Alcohol by volume; 10 is 10% alcohol
Where is ethanol absorbed? - ANSWER-20% stomach, 80% small intestine
Rate depends on concentration
Where is ethanol distributed? - ANSWER-Into tissues rich in water like muscle (it's
water soluble)
BAC - ANSWER-blood alcohol concentration
% mass alcohol per mass of blood
Binge drinking brings BAC to... - ANSWER-.08
How is ethanol metabolized (excluding brain)? - ANSWER-Enters
ADH pulls of H (NAD takes it) -> Acetaldehyde (toxic)
ALDH2 pulls off H --> Acetic acid (safe)
Enzymes p450, CYP2E1 also do some (<10%)
When ADH and ALDH2 take hydrogens from metabolizing ethanol, this is called -
ANSWER-Oxidization (the loss of electrons)
How is ethanol metabolized in the brain? - ANSWER-Catalase
Found in peroxisomes (tine organs in cells)
BAC of saturated liver - ANSWER-.02
Drinking a lot can induce which enzyme? - ANSWER-CYP2E1
Biliary Circulation - ANSWER-Liver
Bile Duct
Small Intestine
Lymphatic Circulation - ANSWER-Cleans blood
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Initiation - ANSWER-DNA mutation
Cell becomes abnormal
Promotion - ANSWER-Cells grow and divide
Progression - ANSWER-Metasticization - spread
Accesses blood vessel
Can travel
Cause: gene mutation
Phases of Cancer - ANSWER-Initiation
Promotion
Progression
Production of activated carcinogen depends on: - ANSWER-Level and site of
absorption
Translocation of pre-carcinogen to metabolism site
Balance of phase 1 and phase 2 metabolism (we can block 1 or activate 2 to help)
Efficiency of excretion of metabolites
Benzopyrene - ANSWER-Chem that phase 1 metabolism can make cancerous
PHIP - ANSWER-Chem that phase 2 metabolism can make cancerous
Initiation requires (genetic specifics) - ANSWER-A change in DNA: turn something
on or off
Tumor suppressor gene: p53 (fire alarm, causes self destruction), decreases
mutation
Oncogene: RAS, increases mutation
Example of a loss of function gene - ANSWER-p53
Example of a gain of function gene - ANSWER-RAS, SRC
What is an important promoter? - ANSWER-Inflammation
Cause: virus, chemical, lifestyle (obesity)
Extended periods of stress on body
NOT CHANGE IN DNA
Cancer Epidemiology - ANSWER-What are different cancer rates around the world?
What reduces cancer risk? - ANSWER-Lower fat intake
More fruits, veggies, and grains
Less smoked/salted/preserved/packaged stuff
Less direct carcinogen contamination
, What are some food carcinogens? - ANSWER-Fried meat (PAA)
Broiled, smoked meat (PAH)
Peanuts, corn (Aflatoxins)
Sausage, hot dogs, bacon, and cured meat (Nitrates and Amines)
Susan Celinker - ANSWER-Gut bacteria microbiom
Fly genome sequence
Functional genomics: what function is controlled by what in the genome
What is ethanol? - ANSWER-Yeast and Glucose
Alcohol unit - ANSWER-1 drink: 1 unit per hour
10mL or 8g
ABV - ANSWER-Alcohol by volume; 10 is 10% alcohol
Where is ethanol absorbed? - ANSWER-20% stomach, 80% small intestine
Rate depends on concentration
Where is ethanol distributed? - ANSWER-Into tissues rich in water like muscle (it's
water soluble)
BAC - ANSWER-blood alcohol concentration
% mass alcohol per mass of blood
Binge drinking brings BAC to... - ANSWER-.08
How is ethanol metabolized (excluding brain)? - ANSWER-Enters
ADH pulls of H (NAD takes it) -> Acetaldehyde (toxic)
ALDH2 pulls off H --> Acetic acid (safe)
Enzymes p450, CYP2E1 also do some (<10%)
When ADH and ALDH2 take hydrogens from metabolizing ethanol, this is called -
ANSWER-Oxidization (the loss of electrons)
How is ethanol metabolized in the brain? - ANSWER-Catalase
Found in peroxisomes (tine organs in cells)
BAC of saturated liver - ANSWER-.02
Drinking a lot can induce which enzyme? - ANSWER-CYP2E1
Biliary Circulation - ANSWER-Liver
Bile Duct
Small Intestine
Lymphatic Circulation - ANSWER-Cleans blood
