NST 11 MT 1 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
How does ATP depletion lead to increased intracellular calcium? - ANSWER-
compromising of calcium ATPases, which export calcium out of the cell usually
What was the biological and chemical source of ergot poisoning and St. Anthony's
fire? - ANSWER-barley fungi, the ergotamine within
What type of toxicity did ergot poisoning cause, what was the mechanism for the
toxicity and tissue necrosis? - ANSWER-gangrene, pscyhosis, seizures
antagonize hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors, causing vasoconstriction in limbs;
lack of oxygen/nutrient delivery leading to ATP depletion and cell/tissue necrosis
How does Asbestos cause lung fibrosis and lung cancer - ANSWER-macrophages
try to engulf and destroy asbestos with reactive oxygen species, but eventually die
as result of excessive ROS, leading to further macrophage recruitment and necrosis
of said macrophages>fibrosis>cancer
Why is necrosis a bad form of cell death? - ANSWER-leads to chronic inflammation,
causing self-propagating recruitment of immune cells, release of ROS, growth
factors, DNA damage, necrosis of surrounding cells insue and recruitment of
immune cells, results in a hardened extracellular matrix, leading to fibrosis,
eventually cancer and so on
What does ED50 refer to? - ANSWER-The dose at which 50% of a population of
subjects experience effectiveness from a drug
What does LD50 refer to? - ANSWER-the dose at which 50% of a population of
subjects experience death from a chemical
How do you calculate Therapeutic Index (TI)? - ANSWER-Ratio of LD50/ED50
For a drug to have minimal toxicity, what type of ratio do you want for your
therapeutic index? - ANSWER-A large number
What is the difference between on and off-target toxicity? - ANSWER-On-target
toxicity is when you get toxicity through your therapeutic target, whereas off-target
toxicity is when you get toxicity from targeting a protein that is not your therapeutic
target
How does Terfenadine (Seldane) exert its anti allergenic effects? - ANSWER-
antagonizes histamine receptors
What type of toxicity does Terfenadine cause, what is the mechanism of toxicity, and
is it on or off target? - ANSWER-heart attacks, binds hERG channels, off target
ANSWERS
How does ATP depletion lead to increased intracellular calcium? - ANSWER-
compromising of calcium ATPases, which export calcium out of the cell usually
What was the biological and chemical source of ergot poisoning and St. Anthony's
fire? - ANSWER-barley fungi, the ergotamine within
What type of toxicity did ergot poisoning cause, what was the mechanism for the
toxicity and tissue necrosis? - ANSWER-gangrene, pscyhosis, seizures
antagonize hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors, causing vasoconstriction in limbs;
lack of oxygen/nutrient delivery leading to ATP depletion and cell/tissue necrosis
How does Asbestos cause lung fibrosis and lung cancer - ANSWER-macrophages
try to engulf and destroy asbestos with reactive oxygen species, but eventually die
as result of excessive ROS, leading to further macrophage recruitment and necrosis
of said macrophages>fibrosis>cancer
Why is necrosis a bad form of cell death? - ANSWER-leads to chronic inflammation,
causing self-propagating recruitment of immune cells, release of ROS, growth
factors, DNA damage, necrosis of surrounding cells insue and recruitment of
immune cells, results in a hardened extracellular matrix, leading to fibrosis,
eventually cancer and so on
What does ED50 refer to? - ANSWER-The dose at which 50% of a population of
subjects experience effectiveness from a drug
What does LD50 refer to? - ANSWER-the dose at which 50% of a population of
subjects experience death from a chemical
How do you calculate Therapeutic Index (TI)? - ANSWER-Ratio of LD50/ED50
For a drug to have minimal toxicity, what type of ratio do you want for your
therapeutic index? - ANSWER-A large number
What is the difference between on and off-target toxicity? - ANSWER-On-target
toxicity is when you get toxicity through your therapeutic target, whereas off-target
toxicity is when you get toxicity from targeting a protein that is not your therapeutic
target
How does Terfenadine (Seldane) exert its anti allergenic effects? - ANSWER-
antagonizes histamine receptors
What type of toxicity does Terfenadine cause, what is the mechanism of toxicity, and
is it on or off target? - ANSWER-heart attacks, binds hERG channels, off target
