MNT Upper GI UPDATED Exam Questions
and CORRECT Answers
Stomach - CORRECT ANSWER - -Mixing and churning food
-Gastric secretions dilute contents (chyme)
-Parietal cells secrete HCl and also intrinsic factor
-Chief cells secrete pepsinogen - converts pepsin to HL
-Highly acidic environment (2.0) acts as a defense mechanism
Neural Control of the GI tract - CORRECT ANSWER - Parasympathetic Nervous System
- positive
-primarily through the vagus nerve
-stimulation occurs due to pleasant smells, thoughts of food, sight of food, tasting food
-results in: increased GI motility and secretions
Sympathetic Nervous System - negative
-stimulation occurs due to fear, anger, stress
-results in vasoconstriction of mucosa - decreased secretions
-decreased peristalsis
-decreased regeneration of epithelial cells
Process of Swallowing - CORRECT ANSWER - -swallowing involves integrated actions
of mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus
-also involves 50 different muscles and many nerves
-stages:
1. food is prepared for swallowing as it is pushed around the mouth by the tongue
2. tongue pushes food or liquid to the back of the mouth
3. food or liquid enters the esophagus
, Dysphagia - CORRECT ANSWER - Difficulty Swallowing
Causes:
-neurological disorders: stroke, parkinson's
-muscular disorders: myasthenia gravis (nerve transition to muscle prohibiting contraction),
multiple sclerosis (damage myelin sheaths of nerves)
-cancer of the head, neck or mouth
-cancer treatments - inflammation of mucus lining
Oral Dysphagia - CORRECT ANSWER - Caused by:
-weak tongue and lip muscles
- parkinsons, stroke, cerebral palsy
-difficulty propelling food to the throat
-difficulty initiating a swallow
Signs:
-drooling
-spillage of food or liquid from mouth
-slow eating
-inability to complete meal to to weakness
-pocketing food in the mouth
-repetitive rocking of tongue from front to back
-reduced lip closure
-reduced range of tongue motion, shaping..
Pharyngeal Dysphagia - CORRECT ANSWER - Caused by:
-delayed swallow reflex
- difficulty swallowing, altered gastric acidity,
delayed gastric emptying, gastric atrophy,
and CORRECT Answers
Stomach - CORRECT ANSWER - -Mixing and churning food
-Gastric secretions dilute contents (chyme)
-Parietal cells secrete HCl and also intrinsic factor
-Chief cells secrete pepsinogen - converts pepsin to HL
-Highly acidic environment (2.0) acts as a defense mechanism
Neural Control of the GI tract - CORRECT ANSWER - Parasympathetic Nervous System
- positive
-primarily through the vagus nerve
-stimulation occurs due to pleasant smells, thoughts of food, sight of food, tasting food
-results in: increased GI motility and secretions
Sympathetic Nervous System - negative
-stimulation occurs due to fear, anger, stress
-results in vasoconstriction of mucosa - decreased secretions
-decreased peristalsis
-decreased regeneration of epithelial cells
Process of Swallowing - CORRECT ANSWER - -swallowing involves integrated actions
of mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus
-also involves 50 different muscles and many nerves
-stages:
1. food is prepared for swallowing as it is pushed around the mouth by the tongue
2. tongue pushes food or liquid to the back of the mouth
3. food or liquid enters the esophagus
, Dysphagia - CORRECT ANSWER - Difficulty Swallowing
Causes:
-neurological disorders: stroke, parkinson's
-muscular disorders: myasthenia gravis (nerve transition to muscle prohibiting contraction),
multiple sclerosis (damage myelin sheaths of nerves)
-cancer of the head, neck or mouth
-cancer treatments - inflammation of mucus lining
Oral Dysphagia - CORRECT ANSWER - Caused by:
-weak tongue and lip muscles
- parkinsons, stroke, cerebral palsy
-difficulty propelling food to the throat
-difficulty initiating a swallow
Signs:
-drooling
-spillage of food or liquid from mouth
-slow eating
-inability to complete meal to to weakness
-pocketing food in the mouth
-repetitive rocking of tongue from front to back
-reduced lip closure
-reduced range of tongue motion, shaping..
Pharyngeal Dysphagia - CORRECT ANSWER - Caused by:
-delayed swallow reflex
- difficulty swallowing, altered gastric acidity,
delayed gastric emptying, gastric atrophy,
