CHAPTER 5: THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LARGE BIOLOGICAL
MOLECULES
THE LARGE MOLECULES OF ALL LIVING THINGS CLASSES
○ Carbohydrates
○ Proteins
○ Nucleic Acid
○ Lipids (not a polymer)
DEFINE MACROMOLECULES
○ A large organic molecule that is made up of many smaller covalent atoms
POLYMER VS MONOMER
○ Monomer: small molecules, mostly organic, that can join together to form other large
molecules
■ Are connected to form macromolecules in dehydration synthesis
■ Each brings a water molecule from the hydroxyl group and the other provides a water
molecule from the hydrogen group. This results in covalent bonds forming while
losing their water molecules
○ Polymer: chemical compounds that are made of small molecules that are arranged in a simple
repeating structure to form a larger molecule
■ Hydrolysis reactions break large macromolecules into monomers
● Hydro- related to water
● Lysis - split or loosen
■ Reduced by the addition of water. The hydroxyl group from the water molecules
attached to one monomer while the hydrogen attaches t the other to break the bond
CHAPTER 6: A TOUR OF THE CELL
LIST TWO DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A LIGHT MICROSCOPE AND AN ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE
● Uses: light microscopes use visible light and bend it to grow through the specimen to be magnied. The
electron microscope uses the beams from the electron with shorter resolution wavelengths to shine
through the specimen
● Reveals: electron microscopes reveal more sub-cellular structures. This is something light microscopes
can’t do as the resolution is too low to see organelles correctly. This causes the light microscope to add
on more enhancements to correctly see certain structures unlike an electron microscope
THE PROCESS AND PURPOSE OF CELL FRACTIONATION
● To study cell structures and their functions. It is commonly used to separate major organelles and other
structures depending on their size and structure.
, ● Dierential centrifugation, the technique used to achieve this goal and uses a centrifuge to break cells
into parts to help identify this function in bulk
THE RELATIONSHIP OF SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME OF A CELL
● Large cells do not get to receive enough food for their volume.
● Smaller cells can absorb larger amounts more eciently because enough nutrients can cross the
membrane fast enough to accommodate the large volume of the cell.
● When a cell doubles in size, the volume also increases higher than the surface area, hence why larger cel
cannot receive enough food based on their volume
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS
● Chromosome location: though both have chromosomes, the prokaryotic cell's chromosomes are located
in the nucleoid without a membrane separating it from the rest of the cell. The Eukaryotic
chromosomes are located in the nucleus which is a membrane-enclosed organelle
● Size: The eukaryotic cell is at least ten times larger compared to the prokaryotic cell with fewer
components
● Nucleus: The prokaryotic cell lacks a nucleus, it instead has a nucleoid while the eukaryotic cell has a
nucleus
TWO DOMAINS CONSIST OF PROKARYOTIC CELLS
● Bacteria
● Archaea
WHAT ALL CELLS HAVE IN COMMON
● Cell Membrane
● Ribosomes
● Chromosomes
● Cytosol
CELL COMPONENTS
● Cell Membrane: A covering that holds the cell together and separates it from its surroundings
● Cell Wall: Rigid layers that support and protect the plant cell
● Chloroplast: make food for the plant cell
○ The site of photosynthesis
○ Absorbs sunlight and converts it into sugar molecules while also producing free energy that is
stored in
○ the forms of ATP and NADH
● Chromosomes: These are thread-like structures that contain information about the characteristics
● Cytoplasm Golgi: Is the jelly-like substance that contains many chemicals to keep the cell functioning
● Mitochondria: releases energy from food in the form of ATP
○ This is the site of cellular respiration because it produces energy in the form of ATP from
glucose
● Nucleus: determines all the cell's activities and helps make new cells
● Ribosomes: are protein factories of the cell
MOLECULES
THE LARGE MOLECULES OF ALL LIVING THINGS CLASSES
○ Carbohydrates
○ Proteins
○ Nucleic Acid
○ Lipids (not a polymer)
DEFINE MACROMOLECULES
○ A large organic molecule that is made up of many smaller covalent atoms
POLYMER VS MONOMER
○ Monomer: small molecules, mostly organic, that can join together to form other large
molecules
■ Are connected to form macromolecules in dehydration synthesis
■ Each brings a water molecule from the hydroxyl group and the other provides a water
molecule from the hydrogen group. This results in covalent bonds forming while
losing their water molecules
○ Polymer: chemical compounds that are made of small molecules that are arranged in a simple
repeating structure to form a larger molecule
■ Hydrolysis reactions break large macromolecules into monomers
● Hydro- related to water
● Lysis - split or loosen
■ Reduced by the addition of water. The hydroxyl group from the water molecules
attached to one monomer while the hydrogen attaches t the other to break the bond
CHAPTER 6: A TOUR OF THE CELL
LIST TWO DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A LIGHT MICROSCOPE AND AN ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE
● Uses: light microscopes use visible light and bend it to grow through the specimen to be magnied. The
electron microscope uses the beams from the electron with shorter resolution wavelengths to shine
through the specimen
● Reveals: electron microscopes reveal more sub-cellular structures. This is something light microscopes
can’t do as the resolution is too low to see organelles correctly. This causes the light microscope to add
on more enhancements to correctly see certain structures unlike an electron microscope
THE PROCESS AND PURPOSE OF CELL FRACTIONATION
● To study cell structures and their functions. It is commonly used to separate major organelles and other
structures depending on their size and structure.
, ● Dierential centrifugation, the technique used to achieve this goal and uses a centrifuge to break cells
into parts to help identify this function in bulk
THE RELATIONSHIP OF SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME OF A CELL
● Large cells do not get to receive enough food for their volume.
● Smaller cells can absorb larger amounts more eciently because enough nutrients can cross the
membrane fast enough to accommodate the large volume of the cell.
● When a cell doubles in size, the volume also increases higher than the surface area, hence why larger cel
cannot receive enough food based on their volume
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS
● Chromosome location: though both have chromosomes, the prokaryotic cell's chromosomes are located
in the nucleoid without a membrane separating it from the rest of the cell. The Eukaryotic
chromosomes are located in the nucleus which is a membrane-enclosed organelle
● Size: The eukaryotic cell is at least ten times larger compared to the prokaryotic cell with fewer
components
● Nucleus: The prokaryotic cell lacks a nucleus, it instead has a nucleoid while the eukaryotic cell has a
nucleus
TWO DOMAINS CONSIST OF PROKARYOTIC CELLS
● Bacteria
● Archaea
WHAT ALL CELLS HAVE IN COMMON
● Cell Membrane
● Ribosomes
● Chromosomes
● Cytosol
CELL COMPONENTS
● Cell Membrane: A covering that holds the cell together and separates it from its surroundings
● Cell Wall: Rigid layers that support and protect the plant cell
● Chloroplast: make food for the plant cell
○ The site of photosynthesis
○ Absorbs sunlight and converts it into sugar molecules while also producing free energy that is
stored in
○ the forms of ATP and NADH
● Chromosomes: These are thread-like structures that contain information about the characteristics
● Cytoplasm Golgi: Is the jelly-like substance that contains many chemicals to keep the cell functioning
● Mitochondria: releases energy from food in the form of ATP
○ This is the site of cellular respiration because it produces energy in the form of ATP from
glucose
● Nucleus: determines all the cell's activities and helps make new cells
● Ribosomes: are protein factories of the cell
