Wong's Nursing Care of Infants and Children 12th Edition by Hockenberry Test Bank
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
,Chapter 01: Perspectives of Pediatric Nursing
ji ji ji ji ji
Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12thE ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ij
dition
MULTIPLE CHOICE ji
1. What is the major cause of death for children in the United States?
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
a. Heart disease ji
b. Childhood cancer ji
c. Injuries
d. Congenital anomalies ji
ANS: C ji
Unintentional injuries (accidents) are the leading cause of death after age 1 year through adolescence. Th
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
e leading cause of death for those younger than 1 year is congenital anomalies, and childhood cancers an
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
d heart disease cause a significantly lower percentage of deaths in children older than 1 yearof age.
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding ji ji
TOP: Nursing Process: PlanningMSC: Client Needs: Health Promoti ji ji ji ji j i ji ji ji
on and Maintenance
ji ji
2. Parents of a hospitalized toddler ask the nurse, ―What is meant by family-
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
centered care?‖ The nurseshould respond with which statement?
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
a. Family-centered care reduces the effect of cultural diversity on the family. ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
b. Family-centered care encourages family dependence on the health care system. ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
c. Family-centered care recognizes that the family is the constant in a child‘s life. ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
d. Family-centered care avoids expecting families to be part of the decision- ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
makingprocess. ji
ANS: C ji
The three key components of family-centered care are respect, collaboration, and support. Family-
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
centered care recognizes the family as the constant in the child‘s life. The family should be enabled and
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
empowered to work with the health care system and is expected to be part of the decision-
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
makingprocess. The nurse should also support the family‘s cultural diversity, not reduce its effect.
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying ji ji
TOP: Nursing Process: ImplementationMSC: Client Needs: Health Promoti ji ji ji ji j i ji ji ji
on and Maintenance
ji ji
3. Evidence-based practice (EBP), a decision-making model, is best described as which? ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
a. Using information in textbooks to guide care ji ji ji ji ji ji
b. Combining knowledge with clinical experience and intuition ji ji ji ji ji ji
c. Using a professional code of ethics as a means for decision making
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
d. Gathering all evidence that applies to the child‘s health and family situation ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
ANS: B ji
EBP helps focus on measurable outcomes; the use of demonstrated, effective interventions; and question
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
ing the best approach. EBP involves decision making based on the integration of the bestresearch evidenc
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
e combined with clinical expertise and patient values.
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
,Wong's Nursing Care of Infants and Children 12th Edition by Hockenberry Test Bank
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering ji ji
TOP: Nursing Process: PlanningMSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effectiji ji ji ji j i ji ji ji ji
ve Care Environment
ji ji
4. The nurse is talking to a group of parents of school-age children at an after-
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
school program aboutchildhood health problems. Which statement should the nurse include in the t
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
eaching?
a. Childhood obesity is the most common nutritional problem among children. ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
b. Immunization rates are the same among children of different races and ethnicity. ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
c. Dental caries is not a problem commonly seen in children since the introduction offluo
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
rinated water. ji
d. Mental health problems are typically not seen in school- ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
age children but may bediagnosed in adolescents.
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
ANS: A ji
When teaching parents of school-
ji ji ji ji
age children about childhood health problems, the nurse should include information about childhood obe
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
sity because it is the most common problem among children and is associated with type 2 diabetes. Teach
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
ing parents about ways to prevent obesity is important toinclude. Immunization rates differ depending on
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji j
the child‘s race and ethnicity; dental caries continuesto be a common chronic disease in childhood; and m
i ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
ental health problems are seen in children as young as school age, not just in adolescents.
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying ji ji
TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/LearningMSC: Client Needs: Health Promoti
ji ji ji ji j i ji ji ji
on and Maintenance
ji ji
5. The nurse is planning care for a hospitalized preschool-
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
aged child. Which should the nurse plan toensure atraumatic care?
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
a. Limit explanation of procedures because the child is preschool aged.
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
b. Ask that all family members leave the room when performing procedures.
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
c. Allow the child to choose the type of juice to drink with the administration of oralmedi
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
cations.
d. Explain that EMLA cream cannot be used for the morning lab draw because thereis n
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
ot time for it to be effective.
ji ji ji ji ji ji
ANS: C ji
The overriding goal in providing atraumatic care is first, do no harm. Allowing the child, a choice ofjui
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
ce to drink when taking oral medications provides the child with a sense of control. The preschoolchild
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji j
should be prepared before procedures, so limiting explanations of procedures would increase anxiety.
i ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
The family should be allowed to stay with the child during procedures, minimizing stress.
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
Lidocaine/prilocaine (EMLA) cream is a topical local anesthetic. The nurse should plan to use theprescribed ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
cream in time for morning laboratory draws to minimize pain.
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying ji ji
TOP: Nursing Process: PlanningMSC: Client Needs: Health Promoti ji ji ji ji j i ji ji ji
on and Maintenance
ji ji
6. Which situation denotes a nontherapeutic nurse–patient–family relationship?
ji ji ji ji ji ji
a. The nurse is planning to read a favorite fairy tale to a patient.
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
b. During shift report, the nurse is criticizing parents for not visiting their child.
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
c. The nurse is discussing with a fellow nurse the emotional draw to a certain patient.
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
d. The nurse is working with a family to find ways to decrease the family‘sdependence o
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
n health care providers.
ji ji ji
, Wong's Nursing Care of Infants and Children 12th Edition by Hockenberry Test Bank
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
ANS: B ji
Criticizing parents for not visiting in shift report is nontherapeutic and shows an under involvement wit
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
h the parents. Reading a fairy tale is a therapeutic and age-
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
appropriate action. Discussing feelingsof an emotional draw with a fellow nurse is therapeutic and show
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
s a willingness to understand feelings. Working with parents to decrease dependence on health care pro
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
viders is therapeutic and helps to empower the family.
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing ji ji
TOP: Integrated Process: CaringMSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial In ji ji ji ji j i ji ji ji
tegrity
7. The nurse is aware that which age-
ji ji ji ji ji ji
group is at risk for childhood injury because of the cognitivecharacteristic of magical and egocent
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
ric thinking? ji
a. Preschool
b. Young school age ji ji
c. Middle school age ji ji
d. Adolescent
ANS: A ji
Preschool children have the cognitive characteristic of magical and egocentric thinking, meaning they ar
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
e unable to comprehend danger to self or others. Young and middle school-
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
aged children have transitional cognitive processes, and they may attempt dangerous acts without detaile
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
d planning but recognize danger to themselves or others. Adolescents have formal operational cognitive p
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
rocesses andare preoccupied with abstract thinking. ji ji ji ji ji ji
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding ji ji
TOP: Nursing Process: AssessmentMSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effecti ji ji ji ji j i ji ji ji ji
ve Care Environment
ji ji
8. The school nurse is assessing children for risk factors related to childhood injuries. Which child hasthe
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
most risk factors related to childhood injury?
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
a. Female, multiple siblings, stable home life ji ji ji ji ji
b. Male, high activity level, stressful home life ji ji ji ji ji ji
c. Male, even tempered, history of previous injuries ji ji ji ji ji ji
d. Female, reacts negatively to new situations, no serious previous injuries ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
ANS: B ji
Boys have a preponderance for injuries over girls because of a difference in behavioral characteristics, a
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
high activity temperament is associated with risk-
ji ji ji ji ji ji
taking behaviors, and stress predisposes children toincreased risk taking and self-
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
destructive behaviors. Therefore, a male child with a high activity level and living in a stressful environm
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
ent has the highest number of risk factors. A girl with several siblingsand a stable home life is low risk. A
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
boy with previous injuries has two risk factors, but an even temperis not a risk factor for injuries. A girl wh
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
o reacts negatively to new situations but has no previous serious illnesses has only one risk factor.
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing ji ji
TOP: Nursing Process: AssessmentMSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effecti j i ji ji ji j i ji ji ji ji
ve Care Environment
ji ji
9. An adolescent patient wants to make decisions about treatment options, along with his parents. Whichm
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
oral value is the nurse displaying when supporting the adolescent to make decisions?
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
a. Justice
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
,Chapter 01: Perspectives of Pediatric Nursing
ji ji ji ji ji
Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12thE ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ij
dition
MULTIPLE CHOICE ji
1. What is the major cause of death for children in the United States?
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
a. Heart disease ji
b. Childhood cancer ji
c. Injuries
d. Congenital anomalies ji
ANS: C ji
Unintentional injuries (accidents) are the leading cause of death after age 1 year through adolescence. Th
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
e leading cause of death for those younger than 1 year is congenital anomalies, and childhood cancers an
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
d heart disease cause a significantly lower percentage of deaths in children older than 1 yearof age.
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding ji ji
TOP: Nursing Process: PlanningMSC: Client Needs: Health Promoti ji ji ji ji j i ji ji ji
on and Maintenance
ji ji
2. Parents of a hospitalized toddler ask the nurse, ―What is meant by family-
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
centered care?‖ The nurseshould respond with which statement?
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
a. Family-centered care reduces the effect of cultural diversity on the family. ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
b. Family-centered care encourages family dependence on the health care system. ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
c. Family-centered care recognizes that the family is the constant in a child‘s life. ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
d. Family-centered care avoids expecting families to be part of the decision- ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
makingprocess. ji
ANS: C ji
The three key components of family-centered care are respect, collaboration, and support. Family-
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
centered care recognizes the family as the constant in the child‘s life. The family should be enabled and
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
empowered to work with the health care system and is expected to be part of the decision-
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
makingprocess. The nurse should also support the family‘s cultural diversity, not reduce its effect.
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying ji ji
TOP: Nursing Process: ImplementationMSC: Client Needs: Health Promoti ji ji ji ji j i ji ji ji
on and Maintenance
ji ji
3. Evidence-based practice (EBP), a decision-making model, is best described as which? ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
a. Using information in textbooks to guide care ji ji ji ji ji ji
b. Combining knowledge with clinical experience and intuition ji ji ji ji ji ji
c. Using a professional code of ethics as a means for decision making
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
d. Gathering all evidence that applies to the child‘s health and family situation ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
ANS: B ji
EBP helps focus on measurable outcomes; the use of demonstrated, effective interventions; and question
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
ing the best approach. EBP involves decision making based on the integration of the bestresearch evidenc
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
e combined with clinical expertise and patient values.
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
,Wong's Nursing Care of Infants and Children 12th Edition by Hockenberry Test Bank
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering ji ji
TOP: Nursing Process: PlanningMSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effectiji ji ji ji j i ji ji ji ji
ve Care Environment
ji ji
4. The nurse is talking to a group of parents of school-age children at an after-
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
school program aboutchildhood health problems. Which statement should the nurse include in the t
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
eaching?
a. Childhood obesity is the most common nutritional problem among children. ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
b. Immunization rates are the same among children of different races and ethnicity. ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
c. Dental caries is not a problem commonly seen in children since the introduction offluo
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
rinated water. ji
d. Mental health problems are typically not seen in school- ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
age children but may bediagnosed in adolescents.
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
ANS: A ji
When teaching parents of school-
ji ji ji ji
age children about childhood health problems, the nurse should include information about childhood obe
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
sity because it is the most common problem among children and is associated with type 2 diabetes. Teach
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
ing parents about ways to prevent obesity is important toinclude. Immunization rates differ depending on
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji j
the child‘s race and ethnicity; dental caries continuesto be a common chronic disease in childhood; and m
i ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
ental health problems are seen in children as young as school age, not just in adolescents.
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying ji ji
TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/LearningMSC: Client Needs: Health Promoti
ji ji ji ji j i ji ji ji
on and Maintenance
ji ji
5. The nurse is planning care for a hospitalized preschool-
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
aged child. Which should the nurse plan toensure atraumatic care?
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
a. Limit explanation of procedures because the child is preschool aged.
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
b. Ask that all family members leave the room when performing procedures.
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
c. Allow the child to choose the type of juice to drink with the administration of oralmedi
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
cations.
d. Explain that EMLA cream cannot be used for the morning lab draw because thereis n
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
ot time for it to be effective.
ji ji ji ji ji ji
ANS: C ji
The overriding goal in providing atraumatic care is first, do no harm. Allowing the child, a choice ofjui
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
ce to drink when taking oral medications provides the child with a sense of control. The preschoolchild
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji j
should be prepared before procedures, so limiting explanations of procedures would increase anxiety.
i ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
The family should be allowed to stay with the child during procedures, minimizing stress.
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
Lidocaine/prilocaine (EMLA) cream is a topical local anesthetic. The nurse should plan to use theprescribed ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
cream in time for morning laboratory draws to minimize pain.
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying ji ji
TOP: Nursing Process: PlanningMSC: Client Needs: Health Promoti ji ji ji ji j i ji ji ji
on and Maintenance
ji ji
6. Which situation denotes a nontherapeutic nurse–patient–family relationship?
ji ji ji ji ji ji
a. The nurse is planning to read a favorite fairy tale to a patient.
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
b. During shift report, the nurse is criticizing parents for not visiting their child.
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
c. The nurse is discussing with a fellow nurse the emotional draw to a certain patient.
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
d. The nurse is working with a family to find ways to decrease the family‘sdependence o
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
n health care providers.
ji ji ji
, Wong's Nursing Care of Infants and Children 12th Edition by Hockenberry Test Bank
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
ANS: B ji
Criticizing parents for not visiting in shift report is nontherapeutic and shows an under involvement wit
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
h the parents. Reading a fairy tale is a therapeutic and age-
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
appropriate action. Discussing feelingsof an emotional draw with a fellow nurse is therapeutic and show
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
s a willingness to understand feelings. Working with parents to decrease dependence on health care pro
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
viders is therapeutic and helps to empower the family.
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing ji ji
TOP: Integrated Process: CaringMSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial In ji ji ji ji j i ji ji ji
tegrity
7. The nurse is aware that which age-
ji ji ji ji ji ji
group is at risk for childhood injury because of the cognitivecharacteristic of magical and egocent
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
ric thinking? ji
a. Preschool
b. Young school age ji ji
c. Middle school age ji ji
d. Adolescent
ANS: A ji
Preschool children have the cognitive characteristic of magical and egocentric thinking, meaning they ar
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
e unable to comprehend danger to self or others. Young and middle school-
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
aged children have transitional cognitive processes, and they may attempt dangerous acts without detaile
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
d planning but recognize danger to themselves or others. Adolescents have formal operational cognitive p
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
rocesses andare preoccupied with abstract thinking. ji ji ji ji ji ji
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding ji ji
TOP: Nursing Process: AssessmentMSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effecti ji ji ji ji j i ji ji ji ji
ve Care Environment
ji ji
8. The school nurse is assessing children for risk factors related to childhood injuries. Which child hasthe
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
most risk factors related to childhood injury?
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
a. Female, multiple siblings, stable home life ji ji ji ji ji
b. Male, high activity level, stressful home life ji ji ji ji ji ji
c. Male, even tempered, history of previous injuries ji ji ji ji ji ji
d. Female, reacts negatively to new situations, no serious previous injuries ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
ANS: B ji
Boys have a preponderance for injuries over girls because of a difference in behavioral characteristics, a
ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji
high activity temperament is associated with risk-
ji ji ji ji ji ji
taking behaviors, and stress predisposes children toincreased risk taking and self-
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destructive behaviors. Therefore, a male child with a high activity level and living in a stressful environm
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ent has the highest number of risk factors. A girl with several siblingsand a stable home life is low risk. A
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boy with previous injuries has two risk factors, but an even temperis not a risk factor for injuries. A girl wh
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o reacts negatively to new situations but has no previous serious illnesses has only one risk factor.
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DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing ji ji
TOP: Nursing Process: AssessmentMSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effecti j i ji ji ji j i ji ji ji ji
ve Care Environment
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9. An adolescent patient wants to make decisions about treatment options, along with his parents. Whichm
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oral value is the nurse displaying when supporting the adolescent to make decisions?
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a. Justice
