BIOS252 Exam Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+

BIOS252 Exam Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+ Functions of skin - Answer: 1. protection 2. synthesis of vitamin d 3. sensation 4. thermoregulation 5. nonverbal communication 5 cell types found in epidermis - Answer: stratified squamous epithelium, keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells cutaneous membrane - Answer: The skin; composed of epidermal and dermal layers papillary layer - Answer: Outermost layer of the dermis, directly underneath the epidermis reticular layer - Answer: Deeper layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients function and cells of hypodermis - Answer: -contains fat and areolar tissue -protects and pads underlying tissue, stores energy, provides insulation -highly vascularized and absorbs injected drugs quickly thermoregulation within the skin - Answer: sweat, insulation, vasodilation/vasoconstriction layers of hair - Answer: medulla, cortex, cuticle 3 stages of hair growth - Answer: anagen, catagen, telogen 3 types of skin cancer - Answer: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma basal cell carcinoma - Answer: Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules; rarely metastasizes; originates from the cells in the stratum basale squamous cell carcinoma - Answer: originates in keratinocytes of stratum spinosum; can lead to metastasis in lymph nodes if untreated; raised, red, scaly appearance with ulcer in the middle melanoma - Answer: originates in melanocytes; especially aggressive and can quickly metastasize; appears as "spilled ink"; ABCD rule Functions of the skeletal system - Answer: 1. blood formation 2. support 3. protection 4. movement 5. storage and release of minerals 6. store triglycerides 4 cells found in bone tissue - Answer: 1. osteogenic cells 2. osteoblasts 3. osteocytes 4. osteoclasts concentric lamellae - Answer: matrix is laid out in a circular pattern around a central canal circumferential lamellae - Answer: located deep to periosteum and superficial to endosteum and extend around entire circumference of the diaphysis and resist twisting of long bone; runs parallel to bone surface intersitial lamellae - Answer: fill spaces between osteons types of bone shapes - Answer: -long: longer than it is wide -flat: wider than it is long -short bone: just as long as it is wide -irregular bone: different bony projections off of it making the shape different and no 2 bones being the exact same -sesamoid bone- sesame seed in shape; found in tendons or ligaments diaphysis - Answer: shaft of bone, composed of compact bone metaphysis - Answer: sits between the epiphysis and diaphysis; contains epiphyseal growth plate medullary cavity - Answer: empty cavity within the diaphysis of a long bone; filled with red or yellow marrow endosteum - Answer: thin layer of connective tissue lining the medullary cavity periosteum - Answer: A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles; inner layer is osteogenic layer and helps with bone remodeling and growth intramembranous ossification - Answer: the simpler method of bone formation; occurs in flat bones of skull without the use of cartilage but forms from mesenchymal stem cells endochondral ossification - Answer: Process of transforming cartilage into bone; develops into long bone zones of bone growth - Answer: 1. Reserve cartilage 2. Cell proliferation 3. Cell hypertrophy 4. Cell calcification 5. Bone deposition factors that influence remodeling of bones - Answer: -vitamins -minerals -hormones -insulin-like growth factors -sex hormones -parathyroid hormone -calcitriol -calcitonin 3 steps to fracture bone repair - Answer: reactive phase, reparative phase, remodeling phase functions of paranasal sinuses - Answer: -lighten the skill -moisten or humidify air you breathe -filter the air you inhale -warm the air as it enters your body -serve as a resonating chamber for sound scoliosis - Answer: sideways curvature of the spine kyphosis - Answer: increased thoracic curvature lordosis - Answer: increased lumbar curvature synarthrosis - Answer: immovable joint amphiarthrosis - Answer: allow little movement diarthrosis - Answer: freely movable joint gomphoses - Answer: ligaments of collagen fibers form joints between areolar process of mandibular or maxilla and root of teeth syndesmoses - Answer: A joint in which the bones are united by a ligament or a sheet of fibrous tissue; interosseous membrane found between the shaft of the radius and ulna synchondroses - Answer: articulating bones are joined together by hyaline cartilage that allow only slight movement (epiphyseal plate between epiphysis and diaphysis & joint between first cartilage and sternum) symphyses - Answer: Bones united by fibrocartilage uniaxial joint - Answer: hinge joint (elbow), pivot joint (atlas and axis) biaxial joint - Answer: saddle joints (proximal thumb), condylar joint (radius of forearm and some of the wrist bones) triplanar joints - Answer: gliding plane joint (joints between carpals of wrists)