AUA Med 1 block MBM DNA organization
and replication DR John Th'ng
describe the prokaryote genome - answer-circular in bacteria cells
-attached plasma membrane
-can include separate separate DNA fragment call plasmid DNA
**plasmid are small circular DNA, carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be
transferred between bacteria
describe the chromosome found in human Genome - answereach human chromosome
consist of a single DNA molecule
chromosome is made of nuclear proteins "that contain Histone and non-histones
protein" and chromatin which is made up of DNA, Histones, non-histones
Histone: core H2A, H2B, H3 H4 and the H1 linker
nonhistones are HMG, transcription factors, polycomb, HP1
describe the structure of nucleosome? - answer2 of each of the core histones bound by
a linker histone H1 which is required for higher order of folding of chromatin
what are chromatins? - answerstring of nucleosomes connected by the linker into
"beads on a string coiled arrangement..
then the chromatin fibers are further folded into the highly condensed mitotic
chromosome for cell division
describe the interphase chromosomes & mitotic chromosome? - answernucleosomes
arrangement into chromatin: for transcription, replication or repair
mitotic chromosomes chromatin folded into highly condensed metaphase chromosome
for cell division
establish the difference between a telomere and a centromere? - answertelomere is a
region of repetitive DNA at the end of a chromosomes whose purpose is to protect the
end from deterioration (TTAGGG)--tell the lifespan of the cell
centromere--noncoding DNA, it is where mitotic spindles binds to during mitosis.
it has satellite DNA sequence
, establsih the difference between Heterochromatin vs Euchromatin? -
answerHeterochromatin: condense chromatin that are transcriptionally inactive (ex: barr
body in female which are inactive X chromosomes)
2 types: constitutive heterochromatin which are always condense and inactive while
facultative heterochromatin could either condense or disperse
EuChromatin: dispersed chromatin and transcriptionally active
establish the difference between Nuclear genome and mitochondrial genome - answer--
Nuclear genome--> made of 23 pairs chromosomes (22 pairs autosomes +the sex
chromosome), and have about 2-5% protein-coding DNA
--Mitochondria Genome --> code for genes electron transport chain
what do you need for DNA replication - answer-DNA template
-Deoxy
-RNA primer to sit on DNA as anchor
- DNA polymerases (purpose is to unwind separate strands into single, proof read and
correction)
what are some commonalities between eukaryotes and prokaryote DNA replication -
answer--base pairing according to chargaff's rule
--polymerases can only work 5 to 3
--DNA polymerases needs a primer at 5-end
** RNA primer synthesis by a primase
describe the initiation of DNA replication - answerthe 2 strands will open up
--you will need a primer to be made that have an anchor for the polymerase to go on
extend the DNA
they have a leading strand and a lagging strand
at the leading strand the primer and the polymerase just move along the 5' to 3'
direction
while in the lagging strand, since the polymerase cannot go backward (3' to 5'), then
they will use a primer call the okazaki fragment as short DNA molecule
describe DNA replication of Prokaryotes? - answer1-origin of replication is recognized
by helicase which bind to dsDNA at A-T rich to melt & unwind it, then keep it into single
sequence.
2- then RNA primer get synthesized by primase to form RNA complex to polymerize the
RNA primer. then the primer gets extended by DNA POLYMERASE III
To polymerize the lagging strand, an additional enzyme called Okazaki fragments
and replication DR John Th'ng
describe the prokaryote genome - answer-circular in bacteria cells
-attached plasma membrane
-can include separate separate DNA fragment call plasmid DNA
**plasmid are small circular DNA, carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be
transferred between bacteria
describe the chromosome found in human Genome - answereach human chromosome
consist of a single DNA molecule
chromosome is made of nuclear proteins "that contain Histone and non-histones
protein" and chromatin which is made up of DNA, Histones, non-histones
Histone: core H2A, H2B, H3 H4 and the H1 linker
nonhistones are HMG, transcription factors, polycomb, HP1
describe the structure of nucleosome? - answer2 of each of the core histones bound by
a linker histone H1 which is required for higher order of folding of chromatin
what are chromatins? - answerstring of nucleosomes connected by the linker into
"beads on a string coiled arrangement..
then the chromatin fibers are further folded into the highly condensed mitotic
chromosome for cell division
describe the interphase chromosomes & mitotic chromosome? - answernucleosomes
arrangement into chromatin: for transcription, replication or repair
mitotic chromosomes chromatin folded into highly condensed metaphase chromosome
for cell division
establish the difference between a telomere and a centromere? - answertelomere is a
region of repetitive DNA at the end of a chromosomes whose purpose is to protect the
end from deterioration (TTAGGG)--tell the lifespan of the cell
centromere--noncoding DNA, it is where mitotic spindles binds to during mitosis.
it has satellite DNA sequence
, establsih the difference between Heterochromatin vs Euchromatin? -
answerHeterochromatin: condense chromatin that are transcriptionally inactive (ex: barr
body in female which are inactive X chromosomes)
2 types: constitutive heterochromatin which are always condense and inactive while
facultative heterochromatin could either condense or disperse
EuChromatin: dispersed chromatin and transcriptionally active
establish the difference between Nuclear genome and mitochondrial genome - answer--
Nuclear genome--> made of 23 pairs chromosomes (22 pairs autosomes +the sex
chromosome), and have about 2-5% protein-coding DNA
--Mitochondria Genome --> code for genes electron transport chain
what do you need for DNA replication - answer-DNA template
-Deoxy
-RNA primer to sit on DNA as anchor
- DNA polymerases (purpose is to unwind separate strands into single, proof read and
correction)
what are some commonalities between eukaryotes and prokaryote DNA replication -
answer--base pairing according to chargaff's rule
--polymerases can only work 5 to 3
--DNA polymerases needs a primer at 5-end
** RNA primer synthesis by a primase
describe the initiation of DNA replication - answerthe 2 strands will open up
--you will need a primer to be made that have an anchor for the polymerase to go on
extend the DNA
they have a leading strand and a lagging strand
at the leading strand the primer and the polymerase just move along the 5' to 3'
direction
while in the lagging strand, since the polymerase cannot go backward (3' to 5'), then
they will use a primer call the okazaki fragment as short DNA molecule
describe DNA replication of Prokaryotes? - answer1-origin of replication is recognized
by helicase which bind to dsDNA at A-T rich to melt & unwind it, then keep it into single
sequence.
2- then RNA primer get synthesized by primase to form RNA complex to polymerize the
RNA primer. then the primer gets extended by DNA POLYMERASE III
To polymerize the lagging strand, an additional enzyme called Okazaki fragments
