Crowd Management FINAL EXAM
Crowd Control - AnswerA public security practice where large crowds are managed to
prevent the outbreak of crown crush, affray, fights involving drunk and disorderly people
or riots
Crowd Management - Answer- The systematic planning for, and the supervision of
the orderly movement and assembly of people
- The assessment of the people handling capabilities of a space prior to its use
- Includes: occupancy, means of ingress/ egress, processing procedures, expected
types of activities, group behavior
Crowd Surges - Answer- A "surge" is a sudden and powerful movement like one
would witness with waves of the ocean tide
- Unrelenting pressure from all side- a crushing "drowning" in a sea of people
- Occur in places where too many people are crowded in one place (entrance/exit,
standing in a room)
2 Components - Answer1. Dense Crowd- lots of people in one place; force magnifies
at the epicenter or on the edges
2. Catalyst- something that causes crowd to shift or move [sudden rain, more people,
fights]
Most deaths caused by asphyxiations, not trampling (people squeezed so hard they
can't breathe)
- Pushing from the back to front; from the front to back; & potentially from the top if one
falls
- Often caused by failure to create a safe environment (not always a stampede)
Crowd Stampede - Answer- Occurs when a crowd of people move in the same
direction at the same time- some may collide or pile up against or on top of each other
- Impulsive, caused by catalysts
Crowd Density - AnswerPerson per Sq Meter or 10 sq ft
2 - Safe Density at which we typically use when planning crowded spaces. The crowd
has good free following movement [GREEN]
3 - Movement starts being constricted [YELLOW]
4-5 - Critical density during which crowd surges are likely to occur [RED]
6-7 - Movement is very limited to a dangerous level [RED]
[10] 8+ - Movement is almost impossible due to pressure on each person [RED]
Event Phases - AnswerA- arrival
L- Last mile
I- Ingress
C- Circulation
, E- Egress
D- Dispersal
Arrival - Answer- Local Area
-Transportation hub
- Parking Facilities
Last Mile - Answer- Between arrival and facility
- Line queuing close to venue
Ingress - Answer- Entering the venue/ event
Circulation - Answer- Movement in event/venue
- Crowd dynamics such as collapses or sure at stage
Egress - Answer- Crowd leaving venue/event
Dispersal - Answer- Crowd leaving area around event/ venue
- Back to parking lot to transportation hub
Crowd Science Principles - Answer- People don't go 'mad' in crowd- they retain the
ability to think for themselves
- Human behavior is influenced by 'cues' in the social and physical environment
- Security interactions with crowd can suppress or encourage violence
Crowd Psychology - AnswerContagion Theory- people lose their individual identity
and their capacity for reason or judgment (can get the leader to get the crowd to do
whatever they want)
Deindividuation Theory- individual seld becomes occluded through anonymity in groups
resulting in uncontrolled behavior [Mob theory, lose yourself and follow the crowd]
Social Identity Theory- a shift from person identity to identity within a group- social
identification transforms the interpersonal relations between people leading to
coordinates collective actions (your own identity, but come into group identity)
Maslow Hierarchy of Human Need - AnswerTop to Bottom:
Self-actualization
Respect
Social
Safety
Physiological
Safety - AnswerYou have to feel safe, secure, have to feel things are okay and not
going to be harmed
If you don't meet those needs then you will find other ways to do that, people change
their behavior when their hungry
Crowd Control - AnswerA public security practice where large crowds are managed to
prevent the outbreak of crown crush, affray, fights involving drunk and disorderly people
or riots
Crowd Management - Answer- The systematic planning for, and the supervision of
the orderly movement and assembly of people
- The assessment of the people handling capabilities of a space prior to its use
- Includes: occupancy, means of ingress/ egress, processing procedures, expected
types of activities, group behavior
Crowd Surges - Answer- A "surge" is a sudden and powerful movement like one
would witness with waves of the ocean tide
- Unrelenting pressure from all side- a crushing "drowning" in a sea of people
- Occur in places where too many people are crowded in one place (entrance/exit,
standing in a room)
2 Components - Answer1. Dense Crowd- lots of people in one place; force magnifies
at the epicenter or on the edges
2. Catalyst- something that causes crowd to shift or move [sudden rain, more people,
fights]
Most deaths caused by asphyxiations, not trampling (people squeezed so hard they
can't breathe)
- Pushing from the back to front; from the front to back; & potentially from the top if one
falls
- Often caused by failure to create a safe environment (not always a stampede)
Crowd Stampede - Answer- Occurs when a crowd of people move in the same
direction at the same time- some may collide or pile up against or on top of each other
- Impulsive, caused by catalysts
Crowd Density - AnswerPerson per Sq Meter or 10 sq ft
2 - Safe Density at which we typically use when planning crowded spaces. The crowd
has good free following movement [GREEN]
3 - Movement starts being constricted [YELLOW]
4-5 - Critical density during which crowd surges are likely to occur [RED]
6-7 - Movement is very limited to a dangerous level [RED]
[10] 8+ - Movement is almost impossible due to pressure on each person [RED]
Event Phases - AnswerA- arrival
L- Last mile
I- Ingress
C- Circulation
, E- Egress
D- Dispersal
Arrival - Answer- Local Area
-Transportation hub
- Parking Facilities
Last Mile - Answer- Between arrival and facility
- Line queuing close to venue
Ingress - Answer- Entering the venue/ event
Circulation - Answer- Movement in event/venue
- Crowd dynamics such as collapses or sure at stage
Egress - Answer- Crowd leaving venue/event
Dispersal - Answer- Crowd leaving area around event/ venue
- Back to parking lot to transportation hub
Crowd Science Principles - Answer- People don't go 'mad' in crowd- they retain the
ability to think for themselves
- Human behavior is influenced by 'cues' in the social and physical environment
- Security interactions with crowd can suppress or encourage violence
Crowd Psychology - AnswerContagion Theory- people lose their individual identity
and their capacity for reason or judgment (can get the leader to get the crowd to do
whatever they want)
Deindividuation Theory- individual seld becomes occluded through anonymity in groups
resulting in uncontrolled behavior [Mob theory, lose yourself and follow the crowd]
Social Identity Theory- a shift from person identity to identity within a group- social
identification transforms the interpersonal relations between people leading to
coordinates collective actions (your own identity, but come into group identity)
Maslow Hierarchy of Human Need - AnswerTop to Bottom:
Self-actualization
Respect
Social
Safety
Physiological
Safety - AnswerYou have to feel safe, secure, have to feel things are okay and not
going to be harmed
If you don't meet those needs then you will find other ways to do that, people change
their behavior when their hungry
