1
SOLUTION MANUAL
t
American Government: Political
t t
Development and Institutional Change
t t t
12thEditionbyCalJillson,AllChapters1-16
t t t t t t t t t
, 2
TABLE tOF tCONTENTS
1. Chapter t1 tThe tOrigins tof tAmerican tPolitical tPrinciples
2. Chapter t2 tThe tRevolution tand tthe tConstitution
3. Chapter t3 tFederalism tand tAmerican tPolitical tDevelopment
4. Chapter t4 tPolitical tSocialization tand tPublic tOpinion
5. Chapter t5 tThe tMass tMedia tand tthe tPolitical tAgenda
6. Chapter t6 tInterest tGroups: tThe tPolitics tof tInfluence
7. Chapter t7 tPolitical tParties: tWinning tthe tRight tto tGovern
8. Chapter t8 tVoting, tCampaigns, tand tElections
9. Chapter t9 tCongress: tPartisanship, tPolarization, tand tGridlock
10. Chapter t10 tThe tPresident: tExecutive tPower tin ta tSeparation tof t Powers tRegime
11. Chapter t11 tBureaucracy: tRedesigning tGovernment tfor tthe tTwenty-First tCentury
12. Chapter t12 tThe tFederal tCourts: tActivism tversus tRestraint
13. Chapter t13 tCivil tLiberties: tOrdered tLiberty tin tAmerica
14. Chapter t14 tCivil tRights: tWhere tLiberty tand tEquality tCollide
15. Chapter t15 tGovernment, tThe tEconomy, tand tDomestic tPolicy
16. Chapter t16 tAmerica’s tGlobal tRole tin tthe tTwenty-First tCentury
, 3
Chapter t1
THE tORIGINS tOF tAMERICAN tPOLITICAL tPRINCIPLES
FOCUS tQUESTIONS
Q1 What tare tthe tbroad tpurposes tof tgovernment?
A1 The tancients tbelieved tthe trole tof tgovernment tand tpolitics twas tto tfoster thuman
t excellence. tHowever, tit tis timperative tto tremember tthat tthe tGreeks tand tRomans
t believed tthe tvirtuous tshould trule t according tto tnatural tlaw. tFurthermore,
tvaluesof t equality tand torder twould tbe tserved tthrough ta tsociety tbased tupon
tthe trule toflaw tto t provide tfor tthe tcommon tgood. tIn tthe tMiddle tAges,
tgovernment twas t largely tused t to tfacilitate treligion tand tmaintained tthe tneed
tfor tthe tindividual tto t live ta tproper tlife t in tthe tservice tof tGod. tThe trole tof
tgovernment tchanged tin tthe t early tsixteenth t century tby tdownplaying tthe trole
tof treligion twhile talternatively t promoting tthe trole t of tlimited tgovernment tto
tprotect tprivate tproperty tand t individual trights.
Q2 How tshould tgovernment tbe tdesigned tto tachieve tits tpurposes?
A2 According tto tPlato tthe tphilosopher-king’s twisdom tand tintellect twould tpromote
t order, tstability tand tjustice. tYet, tAristotle ttakes ta tmore trealistic tview tof tAthenian
t society tby tadvocating tthe tbest tform tof tgovernment tas ta tpolity, twhich tcombined
t oligarchic tand tdemocratic telements tto tproduce tpolitical tstability. tThe tRomans
t combined tmonarchical, taristocratic, tand tdemocratic tprinciples tas ta tmixed
t government twithin trepresentative tbodies tlike tthe tSenate tand tthe tAssembly tin
t order t to tchampion tthe tcauses tof tboth tthe trich tand tthe tpoor. tGovernment tin
ttheMiddle t Ages twas tdetermined tthrough tdivine tright, twhereby ta tmonarch tor
tPope t was t ordained tby tGod tto trule. tHence, twisdom tand tvirtue trested twithin
tthese tfew t individuals twho tgoverned tto tpromote treligious tlife tand tprotect tthe
treligious t establishment. tThe tRenaissance, tProtestant tReformation, tand
tEnlightenment t Periods tshifted tthe trole tof tgovernment tfrom tupholding treligious
tdoctrine tto t secular t concerns, tsuch tas tprotecting tinalienable trights, tincluding
tprivate tproperty, tand t promoting tcommerce. tIn tturn, tEnlightenment tpolitical
© t2023 tTaylor t& tFrancis
, 4
philosophers tlargely tappealed tto tindividualism tand tnot treligious thierarchy tas
tameans t to tprovide torder tand tstability tin twhich tindividuals tcould tflourish.
Q3 What tlessons tabout tgovernment tdid tcolonial tAmericans tdraw tfrom tthe thistory
tofancient tGreece t and t Rome?
A3 Plato twas tsuspicious tof tdemocracy’s trule tof tthe tmany tbecause tgood tgovernment
t would tdecay tinto tmob trule. tHence, tthe tpassions tof tthe tmasses tneeded tto tbe
t quelled t by tmore taristocratic telements. tWith tthis tproblem tin tmind, tthe tFramers
tofthe tU.S. t Constitution treferenced tthe tinstitutional tdesign tof tthe tRoman trepublic
tadhered tto t the ttradition tof tmixed tgovernment tinitially texpounded tby tAristotle
t and tthe tRomans. t This twas tmaintained tin tthe tindirect tselection tof tboth tthe
tSenateand tthe tpresidency t within tthe tConstitution. tAristotle talso tadvocated
tmixing t aristocratic tand tdemocratic t elements tin ta tgoverning tstructure tcalled ta
tpolity. tIn t effect, tthis tgovernmental tdesign t allowed tthe tfew tand tthe tmany tto
tparticipate tin t the tpolitics tproviding tan torderly t society twhere tthe tpoor tshould
tbe table tto tselect tgovernment tofficials twho twere theld t accountable. tThis twas
talso tmade tmanifest tinthe tConstitution twith tits taristocratic-like t Senate tand tthe
tmore tdemocratic tHouse t of tRepresentatives. tThus tthe tAmerican t republic’s
tConstitution testablished t institutional tpowers tto tgovern taccording tto tthe t rule tof
tlaw. tWhile tthe tFramers trejected tthe treligious thierarchy tof tthe tMiddle tAges,
t they tappealed tto tinalienable t rights tendowed tupon tevery tindividual tby tGod,
tper tthe t writings tof tJohn tLocke, tin twhich ta tjust tgovernment tand tsociety tcould tnot
tbe t impeded.
Q4 What tcircumstances tled tEuropeans tto tleave ttheir thomelands tto tsettle tin tAmerica?
A4 Individuals timmigrated tto tthe tcolonies tto tescape treligious tpersecution tand tcivil
t unrest tafter tthe tEnglish tCivil tWar tand tto tpursue tsocial tand teconomic
t opportunities. t Colonists tenjoyed ta tvast tarray tof tnatural tresources tand ta tlarge
t geographical tarea t where tfreedom tof treligion tand teconomic topportunity
t flourished. tAlso, ttheir t heterogeneous tsocial tcomposition tas twell tas tcontinual
t promotion tof tideals, tsuch tas t equality tand ttolerance, ttended tto tpromote
tpolitical tfreedom tat tthe tsame ttime tthat t social texpansion tof tthe tpopulation twas
toccurring.
Q5 What tdid tdemocracy tmean tto tour tcolonial tancestors, tand tdid tthey tapprove tit?
A5 The tcolonists twere tskeptical tof tdemocracy tand tviewed tthis ttype tof tgoverning
t authority tas tmob trule. tSociety twas tlargely tseen tas tsegmented tinto tthose twho
t should t rule tand tthose twho tshould tnot. tIn tfact, tthe tFounders tbelieved tthat tthe
t elite t(well- t educated, tland towners) tshould toccupy tpositions tof tleadership. tThus,
t an taristocratic t element twithin tgovernment twas tnecessary tto tprotect tagainst
tthethreat tof tmob trule t historically tassociated twith tdemocracy. tFundamentally,
tthe tidea tof trepublicanism t was tpromoted tas tan tideal tat ta thigher tlevel tthan
t democracy. tThis twas tmade tmost t manifest tin tthe ttendency tto tprefer tmixed
© t2023 tTaylor t&
tFrancis
SOLUTION MANUAL
t
American Government: Political
t t
Development and Institutional Change
t t t
12thEditionbyCalJillson,AllChapters1-16
t t t t t t t t t
, 2
TABLE tOF tCONTENTS
1. Chapter t1 tThe tOrigins tof tAmerican tPolitical tPrinciples
2. Chapter t2 tThe tRevolution tand tthe tConstitution
3. Chapter t3 tFederalism tand tAmerican tPolitical tDevelopment
4. Chapter t4 tPolitical tSocialization tand tPublic tOpinion
5. Chapter t5 tThe tMass tMedia tand tthe tPolitical tAgenda
6. Chapter t6 tInterest tGroups: tThe tPolitics tof tInfluence
7. Chapter t7 tPolitical tParties: tWinning tthe tRight tto tGovern
8. Chapter t8 tVoting, tCampaigns, tand tElections
9. Chapter t9 tCongress: tPartisanship, tPolarization, tand tGridlock
10. Chapter t10 tThe tPresident: tExecutive tPower tin ta tSeparation tof t Powers tRegime
11. Chapter t11 tBureaucracy: tRedesigning tGovernment tfor tthe tTwenty-First tCentury
12. Chapter t12 tThe tFederal tCourts: tActivism tversus tRestraint
13. Chapter t13 tCivil tLiberties: tOrdered tLiberty tin tAmerica
14. Chapter t14 tCivil tRights: tWhere tLiberty tand tEquality tCollide
15. Chapter t15 tGovernment, tThe tEconomy, tand tDomestic tPolicy
16. Chapter t16 tAmerica’s tGlobal tRole tin tthe tTwenty-First tCentury
, 3
Chapter t1
THE tORIGINS tOF tAMERICAN tPOLITICAL tPRINCIPLES
FOCUS tQUESTIONS
Q1 What tare tthe tbroad tpurposes tof tgovernment?
A1 The tancients tbelieved tthe trole tof tgovernment tand tpolitics twas tto tfoster thuman
t excellence. tHowever, tit tis timperative tto tremember tthat tthe tGreeks tand tRomans
t believed tthe tvirtuous tshould trule t according tto tnatural tlaw. tFurthermore,
tvaluesof t equality tand torder twould tbe tserved tthrough ta tsociety tbased tupon
tthe trule toflaw tto t provide tfor tthe tcommon tgood. tIn tthe tMiddle tAges,
tgovernment twas t largely tused t to tfacilitate treligion tand tmaintained tthe tneed
tfor tthe tindividual tto t live ta tproper tlife t in tthe tservice tof tGod. tThe trole tof
tgovernment tchanged tin tthe t early tsixteenth t century tby tdownplaying tthe trole
tof treligion twhile talternatively t promoting tthe trole t of tlimited tgovernment tto
tprotect tprivate tproperty tand t individual trights.
Q2 How tshould tgovernment tbe tdesigned tto tachieve tits tpurposes?
A2 According tto tPlato tthe tphilosopher-king’s twisdom tand tintellect twould tpromote
t order, tstability tand tjustice. tYet, tAristotle ttakes ta tmore trealistic tview tof tAthenian
t society tby tadvocating tthe tbest tform tof tgovernment tas ta tpolity, twhich tcombined
t oligarchic tand tdemocratic telements tto tproduce tpolitical tstability. tThe tRomans
t combined tmonarchical, taristocratic, tand tdemocratic tprinciples tas ta tmixed
t government twithin trepresentative tbodies tlike tthe tSenate tand tthe tAssembly tin
t order t to tchampion tthe tcauses tof tboth tthe trich tand tthe tpoor. tGovernment tin
ttheMiddle t Ages twas tdetermined tthrough tdivine tright, twhereby ta tmonarch tor
tPope t was t ordained tby tGod tto trule. tHence, twisdom tand tvirtue trested twithin
tthese tfew t individuals twho tgoverned tto tpromote treligious tlife tand tprotect tthe
treligious t establishment. tThe tRenaissance, tProtestant tReformation, tand
tEnlightenment t Periods tshifted tthe trole tof tgovernment tfrom tupholding treligious
tdoctrine tto t secular t concerns, tsuch tas tprotecting tinalienable trights, tincluding
tprivate tproperty, tand t promoting tcommerce. tIn tturn, tEnlightenment tpolitical
© t2023 tTaylor t& tFrancis
, 4
philosophers tlargely tappealed tto tindividualism tand tnot treligious thierarchy tas
tameans t to tprovide torder tand tstability tin twhich tindividuals tcould tflourish.
Q3 What tlessons tabout tgovernment tdid tcolonial tAmericans tdraw tfrom tthe thistory
tofancient tGreece t and t Rome?
A3 Plato twas tsuspicious tof tdemocracy’s trule tof tthe tmany tbecause tgood tgovernment
t would tdecay tinto tmob trule. tHence, tthe tpassions tof tthe tmasses tneeded tto tbe
t quelled t by tmore taristocratic telements. tWith tthis tproblem tin tmind, tthe tFramers
tofthe tU.S. t Constitution treferenced tthe tinstitutional tdesign tof tthe tRoman trepublic
tadhered tto t the ttradition tof tmixed tgovernment tinitially texpounded tby tAristotle
t and tthe tRomans. t This twas tmaintained tin tthe tindirect tselection tof tboth tthe
tSenateand tthe tpresidency t within tthe tConstitution. tAristotle talso tadvocated
tmixing t aristocratic tand tdemocratic t elements tin ta tgoverning tstructure tcalled ta
tpolity. tIn t effect, tthis tgovernmental tdesign t allowed tthe tfew tand tthe tmany tto
tparticipate tin t the tpolitics tproviding tan torderly t society twhere tthe tpoor tshould
tbe table tto tselect tgovernment tofficials twho twere theld t accountable. tThis twas
talso tmade tmanifest tinthe tConstitution twith tits taristocratic-like t Senate tand tthe
tmore tdemocratic tHouse t of tRepresentatives. tThus tthe tAmerican t republic’s
tConstitution testablished t institutional tpowers tto tgovern taccording tto tthe t rule tof
tlaw. tWhile tthe tFramers trejected tthe treligious thierarchy tof tthe tMiddle tAges,
t they tappealed tto tinalienable t rights tendowed tupon tevery tindividual tby tGod,
tper tthe t writings tof tJohn tLocke, tin twhich ta tjust tgovernment tand tsociety tcould tnot
tbe t impeded.
Q4 What tcircumstances tled tEuropeans tto tleave ttheir thomelands tto tsettle tin tAmerica?
A4 Individuals timmigrated tto tthe tcolonies tto tescape treligious tpersecution tand tcivil
t unrest tafter tthe tEnglish tCivil tWar tand tto tpursue tsocial tand teconomic
t opportunities. t Colonists tenjoyed ta tvast tarray tof tnatural tresources tand ta tlarge
t geographical tarea t where tfreedom tof treligion tand teconomic topportunity
t flourished. tAlso, ttheir t heterogeneous tsocial tcomposition tas twell tas tcontinual
t promotion tof tideals, tsuch tas t equality tand ttolerance, ttended tto tpromote
tpolitical tfreedom tat tthe tsame ttime tthat t social texpansion tof tthe tpopulation twas
toccurring.
Q5 What tdid tdemocracy tmean tto tour tcolonial tancestors, tand tdid tthey tapprove tit?
A5 The tcolonists twere tskeptical tof tdemocracy tand tviewed tthis ttype tof tgoverning
t authority tas tmob trule. tSociety twas tlargely tseen tas tsegmented tinto tthose twho
t should t rule tand tthose twho tshould tnot. tIn tfact, tthe tFounders tbelieved tthat tthe
t elite t(well- t educated, tland towners) tshould toccupy tpositions tof tleadership. tThus,
t an taristocratic t element twithin tgovernment twas tnecessary tto tprotect tagainst
tthethreat tof tmob trule t historically tassociated twith tdemocracy. tFundamentally,
tthe tidea tof trepublicanism t was tpromoted tas tan tideal tat ta thigher tlevel tthan
t democracy. tThis twas tmade tmost t manifest tin tthe ttendency tto tprefer tmixed
© t2023 tTaylor t&
tFrancis
