PSYC 435 Exam 1 Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update

PSYC 435 Exam 1 Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update Culture - Answers values, beliefs, and practices of a group of people Biological view of race (essentialism) - Answers Categorizes people based on physical, genetically inherited characteristics Race is a sociocultural concept Ethnicity - Answers A combination of race and culture Salience - Answers Importance of culture varies by person, circumstance, time in one's life, Intersectionality - Answers Multiple, socially constructed group memberships and systems of privilege and oppression intersect to affect people in different ways Multicultural Psych - Answers Systematic study of behavior, cognition, and affect in settings where people of different backgrounds interact (The 4th force) critical goal - liberation/critical consciousness 19th Century view on race - Answers - Craniology and other forms of measurement tried to prove inferiority of non whites - characterized by: experimenter bias, expectancy effects, data tampering, lack of peer review, uneducated public Eugenics - Answers The study of the agencies under social control that may improve or impair the racial qualities of future generations either physically or mentally Who were typically Eugenicists? - Answers Largely middle class/upper class white male professionals What psychologist began to prove that homosexuality was not a "mental illness? - Answers Evelyn Hooker - compared heterosexual men with well functioning gay men and found that there were no differences in adjustments 1973 - Homosexuality was taken out of DSM Multicultural competence - Answers - Knowledge - Skills - Awareness/Attitudes Philosophy of Science - Answers Refers to the conceptual roots undergirding the quest for knowledge. Four paradigms - Answers - Positivist - Postpositivist - Constructivist-Interpretivist - Critical-Ideological Positivism - Answers There is one "objective, apprehendable reality" that we can uncover through testing a priori hypotheses - theory verification - quantitative research Postpositivist - Answers There is an objective reality, but we can never fully capture it - theory falsification - quantitative research Constructivism-Interpretivism - Answers Adheres to a relativist position that assumes multiple, apprehendable, and equally valid realities...reality is constructed in the mind of the individual - Goal is to understand lived experiences Critical-Ideological - Answers Based on critical theory, which seeks to "disrupt and challenge the status quo" - Perspective is "one of emancipation and transformation, one in which the researcher's proactive values are central to the task, purpose, and methods of research" Quantitative Research - Answers Gathering numerical data; using statistics to make inferences about causal or correlational relationships - we sometimes lose context, questions could be hard to covert into numbers - Positivist or post-positivist White Standard - Answers The dominant research paradigm in American psychology is to see Whites as the standard against which all others are measured. Qualitative Research - Answers - Non numerical data - E.g., case studies, open-ended interviews, focus groups, discourse analysis - Goal is to gain in-depth understanding of phenomena Research Designs - Answers - Experimental - Correlational - Descriptive Experimental Research - Answers - Our text says this is "the standard way of applying science to psychology" (p. 45) - Quantitative - Involves random assignment to experimental group or control group