Networking and Data Communications -
Chapter 2
What are standards? - ANS-Allow for people to communicate as well as for interoperability of
products as a result.
Ex: English is a standardized language that allows for both. Computers and phones can send
each other emails and are compatible
Ex: DvD players and Blu Ray discs are incompatible
What does interoperability mean? - ANS-To work together effectively
What are network standards? - ANS-Specifications and protocols that allow worldwide
communication between technology devices over the internet
What's ARPANET? - ANS-First research network set up for fast communication during Cold War
by military. Beginning of Internet. 3/4 of the originals were in California
56 kbps = kilobits, smaller than kilobyte
What's the Network Working Group? - ANS-Small body of professionals organized to develop
standards democratically. Still follows today.
What's IETF? - ANS-Internet engineering task force. Offshoot of Network working group.
Everyone was equal like the Constitution.
What's the Second Principle? - ANS-IETF wanted everything to be simple. Hands on and
evolving approach on standards setting. For example, SMTP, SNMP have simple in their
names.
SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol
What's RFC? - ANS-(Request for Comments) - a formal document from the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF) that is the result of committee drafting and subsequent review by interested
parties.
When was the first email system created? - ANS-1971, first email system was created.
What did you need to know about the host to connect to a single host in the first email system? -
ANS-Username was enough
, What did you need to know about the host to connect to a multi host in the first email system? -
ANS-But for multi host, username@domain was picked.
Why was the @ sign picked for domain? - ANS-@ sign was picked because it was the least
used key.
What part of is the host name? - ANS-Host name is sjsu
When are host names needed? - ANS-Hostnames are only needed when sending to someone
somewhere else like how an address is only needed when doing that.
Ex: Whatsapp/Venmo - Username is enough to send to the recipient
How does standardization influence branding? - ANS-Standardization is also important to
maintain a brand. It helps with staying consistent for customers too.
Ex: McDonalds standardizes its restaurants. SJSU eventually had to standardize its website and
unify them via one.sjsu.edu
How does standardization influence innovation? - ANS-When innovating it's often best to still
stay compatible with standards. Like how Tesla's electric cars are still compatible with existing
roads, and Apple's phones can communicate with normal phones
What's the importance of the standardization of the internet for consumers? - ANS-You can
email anyone. You can choose any OS you want.
What's the importance of the standardization of the internet for companies? - ANS-Provides
access to markets, can focus on innovation instead of worrying about compatibility.
What's the importance of the standardization of the internet for societies? - ANS-Increased
competition, spurs innovation
Who creates standards and standard setting process? - ANS-Standards agencies: There are
many - however notable ones are - IETF, ISO, and ITU.
What is the standard setting process? - ANS-Standards start by first developing standards
architecture (takes about a year or two). Standards architecture is an exhaustive list of
everything needed for two different programs on two different hosts on different single network
to interoperate.
Ex: We have to technical capability to build a hospital in 10 days, but can't due to that
democracy
Chapter 2
What are standards? - ANS-Allow for people to communicate as well as for interoperability of
products as a result.
Ex: English is a standardized language that allows for both. Computers and phones can send
each other emails and are compatible
Ex: DvD players and Blu Ray discs are incompatible
What does interoperability mean? - ANS-To work together effectively
What are network standards? - ANS-Specifications and protocols that allow worldwide
communication between technology devices over the internet
What's ARPANET? - ANS-First research network set up for fast communication during Cold War
by military. Beginning of Internet. 3/4 of the originals were in California
56 kbps = kilobits, smaller than kilobyte
What's the Network Working Group? - ANS-Small body of professionals organized to develop
standards democratically. Still follows today.
What's IETF? - ANS-Internet engineering task force. Offshoot of Network working group.
Everyone was equal like the Constitution.
What's the Second Principle? - ANS-IETF wanted everything to be simple. Hands on and
evolving approach on standards setting. For example, SMTP, SNMP have simple in their
names.
SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol
What's RFC? - ANS-(Request for Comments) - a formal document from the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF) that is the result of committee drafting and subsequent review by interested
parties.
When was the first email system created? - ANS-1971, first email system was created.
What did you need to know about the host to connect to a single host in the first email system? -
ANS-Username was enough
, What did you need to know about the host to connect to a multi host in the first email system? -
ANS-But for multi host, username@domain was picked.
Why was the @ sign picked for domain? - ANS-@ sign was picked because it was the least
used key.
What part of is the host name? - ANS-Host name is sjsu
When are host names needed? - ANS-Hostnames are only needed when sending to someone
somewhere else like how an address is only needed when doing that.
Ex: Whatsapp/Venmo - Username is enough to send to the recipient
How does standardization influence branding? - ANS-Standardization is also important to
maintain a brand. It helps with staying consistent for customers too.
Ex: McDonalds standardizes its restaurants. SJSU eventually had to standardize its website and
unify them via one.sjsu.edu
How does standardization influence innovation? - ANS-When innovating it's often best to still
stay compatible with standards. Like how Tesla's electric cars are still compatible with existing
roads, and Apple's phones can communicate with normal phones
What's the importance of the standardization of the internet for consumers? - ANS-You can
email anyone. You can choose any OS you want.
What's the importance of the standardization of the internet for companies? - ANS-Provides
access to markets, can focus on innovation instead of worrying about compatibility.
What's the importance of the standardization of the internet for societies? - ANS-Increased
competition, spurs innovation
Who creates standards and standard setting process? - ANS-Standards agencies: There are
many - however notable ones are - IETF, ISO, and ITU.
What is the standard setting process? - ANS-Standards start by first developing standards
architecture (takes about a year or two). Standards architecture is an exhaustive list of
everything needed for two different programs on two different hosts on different single network
to interoperate.
Ex: We have to technical capability to build a hospital in 10 days, but can't due to that
democracy
