LECTURE NOTES IN GENERAL
BIOCHEMIStry (CHEM 3)
First Semester 2021-2022
MIDTERM
TEACHER’S INFORMATION
Teacher’s Name: JEFFREY B. YURO
Contact Numbers: 09455911085
Email Address:
Fb messenger: Jeffrey yuro
, 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TOPIC/ LEARNING CONTENT PAGE
Unit 1: The Chemical Basis of Life 4
Lesson 1: What is Biochemistry and Why Do We Study Biochemistry? 5
Lesson 2: Biological molecules and Organic Compounds 6
Common Functional Groups and Linkages in Biochemistry
Lesson 3: Energy and Metabolism 9
Lesson 4: The Origin and Evolution of Life 11
Unit 2: Carbohydrates 13
Lesson 1: Carbohydrates overview 14
Lesson 2: Stereoisomerism, Fischer Projection 16
Lesson 3: Monosaccharide, Classification of monosaccharide 20
Most important monosaccharide
Lesson 3: Disaccharide and Oligosaccharide 23
Lesson 4: Polysaccharide, Reaction of Carbohydrates 25
UNIT 3: Proteins 28
Lesson 1: Protein as chain of amino acids 29
Lesson 2: Levels of organizations of structures of proteins 37
Lesson 3: Categories of proteins 42
UNIT 4: Fats and Lipids 44
Lesson 1: Lipid; Functions and Characteristics 45
Lesson 2: Triglycerides, its properties 51
Lesson 3: Lipoproteins: Carriers of Cholesterol 54
, 3
Note to the Readers
This material is intended to guide you as you explore in the world of biochemistry. As a vital
component of the curriculum, this material is designed primarily to agriculture students who are
enrolled in Biochemistry (CHEM 3) in Central Philippines State University taking up Bachelor of
Science in Agriculture (2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E and 2F), Bachelor of Sugar Technology (2A, 2B, 2C and
3A)
In this material, we are going to study the Chemical basis of life, its biological and chemical origin,
carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, fats and lipids, enzymes and other metabolic processes. This
subject deals with the chemical and molecular aspects of life. Life is diverse and full of complexity but
this subject, biochemistry will help us realize that every complicated biochemical process and reaction
started from a very simple biological and chemical reaction. Anything that has to do with our health,
nutrition, medicine, metabolism and diseases is highly correlated with the biochemical reaction that
is happening in our body. Let us learn and simplify the concepts of this macromolecules for us to
understand and internalize better the importance and value of biochemistry.
Our grading system will be based on the following criteria:
Knowledge (40%) which will be taken from your pretest and posttest and some learning activities
which requires knowledge or knowledge-based competency required by the teacher (40 % pre-
test and Posttest 60%)
Skills (50%) which will be taken from your learning tasks and activities, which utilizes your skills
and abilities ( 50% course output- portfolio, 50% activities and other output.
Attitude (10%) constitutes your attitude in handling this lecture material, which includes
cleanliness and orderliness of handling and answering this material, prompt submission of this
lecture notes on specified deadline and the overall commitment you give in accomplishing this
lecture material.
Prepared by: Jeffrey B. Yuro RN, LPT
, 4
UNIT 1: THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the unit, the student should be able to:
1. Define biochemistry.
2. Know the importance of biochemistry.
3. Identify the molecules and elements present in living organism.
4. Identify and draw some common functional groups and linkages in biochemistry.
5. Determine the energy used, absorbed or given off during the entire process of reaction
mechanism of a body system and metabolism.
6. Understand the levels of organization and the body’s system function.
7. Explain the origin and evolution of life in primitive forms.
Introduction
Biochemistry is the chemistry of life. It involves scientific discipline that seeks to explain life at the
molecular level. It uses the tools and terminology of chemistry to describe the various attributes of
living organisms. Biochemistry offers answers to such fundamental questions as “What are we made
of?” and “How do we work?” Biochemistry is also a practical science: It generates creative techniques
that underlie advances in other fields, such as genetics, cell biology, and immunology; it offers insights
into the treatment of diseases such as cancer and diabetes; and it improves the efficiency of industries
such as wastewater treatment, food production, and drug manufacturing and agriculture. Some
aspects of biochemistry can be by studying individual molecules isolated from cells. A thorough
understanding of each molecule’s physical structure and chemical reactivity helps lead to an
understanding of how molecules cooperate and combine to form larger functional units and,
ultimately, the intact organism. Biochemists therefore investigate how organisms behave under
different conditions or when a particular molecule is modified or absent.
BIOCHEMIStry (CHEM 3)
First Semester 2021-2022
MIDTERM
TEACHER’S INFORMATION
Teacher’s Name: JEFFREY B. YURO
Contact Numbers: 09455911085
Email Address:
Fb messenger: Jeffrey yuro
, 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TOPIC/ LEARNING CONTENT PAGE
Unit 1: The Chemical Basis of Life 4
Lesson 1: What is Biochemistry and Why Do We Study Biochemistry? 5
Lesson 2: Biological molecules and Organic Compounds 6
Common Functional Groups and Linkages in Biochemistry
Lesson 3: Energy and Metabolism 9
Lesson 4: The Origin and Evolution of Life 11
Unit 2: Carbohydrates 13
Lesson 1: Carbohydrates overview 14
Lesson 2: Stereoisomerism, Fischer Projection 16
Lesson 3: Monosaccharide, Classification of monosaccharide 20
Most important monosaccharide
Lesson 3: Disaccharide and Oligosaccharide 23
Lesson 4: Polysaccharide, Reaction of Carbohydrates 25
UNIT 3: Proteins 28
Lesson 1: Protein as chain of amino acids 29
Lesson 2: Levels of organizations of structures of proteins 37
Lesson 3: Categories of proteins 42
UNIT 4: Fats and Lipids 44
Lesson 1: Lipid; Functions and Characteristics 45
Lesson 2: Triglycerides, its properties 51
Lesson 3: Lipoproteins: Carriers of Cholesterol 54
, 3
Note to the Readers
This material is intended to guide you as you explore in the world of biochemistry. As a vital
component of the curriculum, this material is designed primarily to agriculture students who are
enrolled in Biochemistry (CHEM 3) in Central Philippines State University taking up Bachelor of
Science in Agriculture (2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E and 2F), Bachelor of Sugar Technology (2A, 2B, 2C and
3A)
In this material, we are going to study the Chemical basis of life, its biological and chemical origin,
carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, fats and lipids, enzymes and other metabolic processes. This
subject deals with the chemical and molecular aspects of life. Life is diverse and full of complexity but
this subject, biochemistry will help us realize that every complicated biochemical process and reaction
started from a very simple biological and chemical reaction. Anything that has to do with our health,
nutrition, medicine, metabolism and diseases is highly correlated with the biochemical reaction that
is happening in our body. Let us learn and simplify the concepts of this macromolecules for us to
understand and internalize better the importance and value of biochemistry.
Our grading system will be based on the following criteria:
Knowledge (40%) which will be taken from your pretest and posttest and some learning activities
which requires knowledge or knowledge-based competency required by the teacher (40 % pre-
test and Posttest 60%)
Skills (50%) which will be taken from your learning tasks and activities, which utilizes your skills
and abilities ( 50% course output- portfolio, 50% activities and other output.
Attitude (10%) constitutes your attitude in handling this lecture material, which includes
cleanliness and orderliness of handling and answering this material, prompt submission of this
lecture notes on specified deadline and the overall commitment you give in accomplishing this
lecture material.
Prepared by: Jeffrey B. Yuro RN, LPT
, 4
UNIT 1: THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the unit, the student should be able to:
1. Define biochemistry.
2. Know the importance of biochemistry.
3. Identify the molecules and elements present in living organism.
4. Identify and draw some common functional groups and linkages in biochemistry.
5. Determine the energy used, absorbed or given off during the entire process of reaction
mechanism of a body system and metabolism.
6. Understand the levels of organization and the body’s system function.
7. Explain the origin and evolution of life in primitive forms.
Introduction
Biochemistry is the chemistry of life. It involves scientific discipline that seeks to explain life at the
molecular level. It uses the tools and terminology of chemistry to describe the various attributes of
living organisms. Biochemistry offers answers to such fundamental questions as “What are we made
of?” and “How do we work?” Biochemistry is also a practical science: It generates creative techniques
that underlie advances in other fields, such as genetics, cell biology, and immunology; it offers insights
into the treatment of diseases such as cancer and diabetes; and it improves the efficiency of industries
such as wastewater treatment, food production, and drug manufacturing and agriculture. Some
aspects of biochemistry can be by studying individual molecules isolated from cells. A thorough
understanding of each molecule’s physical structure and chemical reactivity helps lead to an
understanding of how molecules cooperate and combine to form larger functional units and,
ultimately, the intact organism. Biochemists therefore investigate how organisms behave under
different conditions or when a particular molecule is modified or absent.
