EXSS 181- Exam 1 Graded A

sport & exercise psychology definition - ANSWER The scientific study of human behavior in sport and exercise, and the practical application of that knowledge 3 roles of sport psychologists - ANSWER -research -teaching -consulting What are the two major types of questions in the field? - ANSWER Understand the effects of: 1. Psychological factors on sport/physical activity behavior and performance 2. Participating in sport/physical activity on psychological development, health, and wellbeing What does B=f(P,E) mean? - ANSWER Behavior is a function of both the Person and his/her Environment -Dynamic -Precise prediction difficult -Need to understand BOTH person and context Norman Triplett - ANSWER -"Father of social psych" -Studied social facilitation of bikers Coleman Griffith - ANSWER -"Father of Modern Sport Psychology" -1st research lab -25 research articles -Studied Red Grange at Illinois; Worked w/ Notre Dame and Chicago Cubs Describe and explain the 6 periods of sport psychology - ANSWER 1. Early Years () -early studies (ex. Norman Triplett) 2. Griffith Era () -development of labs and psychological testing 3. Preparation for the Future () -Franklin Henry establishes grad program 4. Establishment of Academic Branch () -1st NASPSPA conference 5. Multidisciplinary Research () -New research and establishment of specialty journals and conferences 6. Contemporary (2000-Present) Identify and explain 3 ways of knowing. (advantages & disadvantages) - ANSWER 1. Common sense (Intuition, speculation) (+) easy, quick (-) not based on experience/data so greatest chance of being wrong 2. Practical Experience (Observations, case studies) (+) holistic, immediate, innovative (-) fails to explain mechanisms, susceptible to bias 3. Science (Systematic, controlled, empirical investigations of relationships among phenomena) (+) Reliable, "objective and unbiased" (-) reductionistic, slow to evolve, sometimes not practical What are the 4 steps involved in the scientific method? - ANSWER 1.Develop the problem 2.Formulate hypotheses 3.Gather Data 4.Analyze and interpret results What is a theory? - ANSWER set of interrelated facts that present a systematic view of a phenomenon in order to describe, explain, and predict its future occurrences What are the individual ABCs of sport & exercise psychology? - ANSWER A = affect (feeling states) B = behavior (actions) C = cognition (thoughts) A -defintion -research question ex. - ANSWER Affect: (state specific) -Positive affect - optimal states of energy, concentration & pleasurable engagement -Negative affect - sense of distress or unpleasant engagement Emotion - affect & behavior congruent with, directed at particular stimulus Mood - diffuse and global expressions of emotion/affect How do anxiety or anger influence performance? B -defintion -research question ex. - ANSWER Behavior: Things athlete or exercisers do: Effort/motivation Skill/performance Aggression Sportsmanship Communication Why are some people so committed to a PA/training routine and others not? C -defintion -research question ex. - ANSWER Cognition: Self or other-referenced thoughts: Informational Motivational Concentration/focus Affect-related Other-related Why do some athletes choke under pressure? Why do some athletes have negative thoughts during performance? What were the primary take-home points from the Martinent et al. (2013 study)? - ANSWER Purpose: Identify affective profiles of athletes both before and during competition - examine differences between these profiles on coping and goal attainment. Participants: 306 French athletes, multiple sports, Ages 15-39 (average age = 22) Measures: (self-report 2 hrs. before & after) -Affective states (intensity & directionality) -Coping strategies (task, distraction, disengagement) -Sport goal attainment Results: 1. High positive affect facilitators (n = 88, 81) 2. Facilitators (n = 75, 25) 3. Low affect debilitators (n = 83, 127) 4. High negative affect debilitators (n = 60, 73) -Some consistency in profiles across time points. What is personality? - ANSWER that pattern of characteristic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguishes one person from another and that persists over time and situations" Hollander's model of personality - ANSWER -internal psychological core (internal & constant) (ex. attitudes, values, interests, and beliefs about self) -typical responses (middle) (ex. shy, even-tempered, etc.) -role-related behavior (external & dynamic) Name the big 5 traits - ANSWER (OCEAN) 1.Openness to Experience 2.Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion/Introversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism (Emotionality) What is the iceberg profile? - ANSWER -characterization of successful athletes- reflects (+) mental health -above average vigor -below average tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion Describe the trait approach to personality - ANSWER - imply that traits (those relatively stable attributes of a person) are: 1. Consistent: we expect behavior (thoughts/emotions) to be similar from one situation to the next 2. Generalizable: we expect people to behave similarly across contexts Why are traits a poor predictor of behavior on their own? - ANSWER -no specific personality profile for an athlete -can't assume cause and effect behaviorism - ANSWER situation approach- suggests people learn behaviors for specific situations via rewards and punishments Social Learning theory - ANSWER situation approach- suggests people learn behaviors for certain situations via observational learning/modeling What does the interactionist approach to personality suggest about how personality develops? - ANSWER -Person factors (e.g., traits) and situation factors interact to determine behavior -B = f(P,E) -Combination of trait and situation theories -Concept of STATE vs. TRAIT characteristics problems w/ using personality testing in athletics - ANSWER problems: -Using clinical tests that focus on abnormality to study average population -Not sufficient evidence of reliability and validity -Social desirability and some psychological skills can be learned -Does not account for non-psychological factors which affect sport performance -Not recommended to use personality tests to make decisions about sport participation (e.g., making the team) What is the definition of motivation? - ANSWER the direction and intensity of effort Direction - approach/avoid or attraction Intensity - how much effort, persistence competitiveness - ANSWER disposition to strive for satisfaction when making comparisons w/ some standard of excellence in the presence of evaluative others What are attributions? How do they relate to success/failure? - ANSWER Interpretations or explanations individuals give for success or failure