NUR 3196
Pathophysiology/Pharmacology
Midterms Exam Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. Multiple Choice
Question: A patient with chronic heart failure is prescribed
digoxin. What is the primary mechanism of action of this drug?
A. Increases renal perfusion
B. Enhances myocardial contractility by inhibiting sodium-
potassium ATPase
C. Dilates coronary arteries
D. Reduces preload by acting on venous capacitance vessels
ANS: B
©2025
, Rationale: Digoxin works by inhibiting sodium-potassium
ATPase, leading to an increase in intracellular calcium, which
enhances myocardial contractility.
---
2. Fill-in-the-Blank
Question: The primary pathophysiological feature of acute
respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is increased
____________, leading to pulmonary edema and impaired oxygen
exchange.
ANS: alveolar-capillary membrane permeability
Rationale: ARDS is characterized by damage to the alveolar-
capillary barrier, resulting in leakage of fluid into the alveoli and
impaired gas exchange.
---
3. True/False
Question: Beta-2 agonists, such as albuterol, work by
causing bronchoconstriction.
©2025
, ANS: False
Rationale: Beta-2 agonists stimulate beta-2 adrenergic
receptors, leading to bronchial smooth muscle relaxation and
bronchodilation.
---
4. Multiple Response
Question: Which of the following are common side effects of
corticosteroids in long-term use? (Select all that apply)
- A. Hyperglycemia
- B. Osteoporosis
- C. Renal failure
- D. Hypertension
ANS: A, B, D
Rationale: Long-term corticosteroid use can lead to
hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, and hypertension, among other side
effects. Renal failure is not a typical side effect.
---
©2025
, 5. Multiple Choice
Question: Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to
occur in a patient with chronic kidney disease?
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypokalemia
D. Hyponatremia
ANS: B
Rationale: Hyperkalemia occurs due to reduced potassium
excretion in chronic kidney disease.
---
6. Fill-in-the-Blank
Question: ____________ is the antidote used for acute
acetaminophen toxicity.
ANS: N-acetylcysteine
Rationale: N-acetylcysteine restores glutathione levels,
detoxifying the metabolite responsible for liver damage.
©2025
Pathophysiology/Pharmacology
Midterms Exam Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. Multiple Choice
Question: A patient with chronic heart failure is prescribed
digoxin. What is the primary mechanism of action of this drug?
A. Increases renal perfusion
B. Enhances myocardial contractility by inhibiting sodium-
potassium ATPase
C. Dilates coronary arteries
D. Reduces preload by acting on venous capacitance vessels
ANS: B
©2025
, Rationale: Digoxin works by inhibiting sodium-potassium
ATPase, leading to an increase in intracellular calcium, which
enhances myocardial contractility.
---
2. Fill-in-the-Blank
Question: The primary pathophysiological feature of acute
respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is increased
____________, leading to pulmonary edema and impaired oxygen
exchange.
ANS: alveolar-capillary membrane permeability
Rationale: ARDS is characterized by damage to the alveolar-
capillary barrier, resulting in leakage of fluid into the alveoli and
impaired gas exchange.
---
3. True/False
Question: Beta-2 agonists, such as albuterol, work by
causing bronchoconstriction.
©2025
, ANS: False
Rationale: Beta-2 agonists stimulate beta-2 adrenergic
receptors, leading to bronchial smooth muscle relaxation and
bronchodilation.
---
4. Multiple Response
Question: Which of the following are common side effects of
corticosteroids in long-term use? (Select all that apply)
- A. Hyperglycemia
- B. Osteoporosis
- C. Renal failure
- D. Hypertension
ANS: A, B, D
Rationale: Long-term corticosteroid use can lead to
hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, and hypertension, among other side
effects. Renal failure is not a typical side effect.
---
©2025
, 5. Multiple Choice
Question: Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to
occur in a patient with chronic kidney disease?
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypokalemia
D. Hyponatremia
ANS: B
Rationale: Hyperkalemia occurs due to reduced potassium
excretion in chronic kidney disease.
---
6. Fill-in-the-Blank
Question: ____________ is the antidote used for acute
acetaminophen toxicity.
ANS: N-acetylcysteine
Rationale: N-acetylcysteine restores glutathione levels,
detoxifying the metabolite responsible for liver damage.
©2025
