Civil Engineering Final Exam
Questions and Answers 100% Pass
What is the level ? - ✔✔a telescope rotatable about a vertical axis
What does a level do? - ✔✔creates a horizontal line of sight so height
differences can be determined
determines distance with an accuracy of 0.1 to 0.3 metres
Total station surveying - ✔✔the use of electronic survey equipment to
perform horizontal and vertical measurements in reference to a grid system
Horizontal angle vs vertical angle - ✔✔horizontal angle is independent of
height difference provided the telescope moves in a strictly vertical plane
1
Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025
,vertical angle is the difference between the prescribed direction and the
direction to the point under consideration
Height difference - ✔✔calculated from the distance between two staff
readings
backsight - foresight
When do you use line levelling? Characteristics of line levelling? - ✔✔If
point A and B are widely separated
Targets distances between 30 and 50 metres
Where does point A have to be in excavation? - ✔✔point A has to be at
street level and point B a metre below point A
Advantages of automatic target recognition - ✔✔1) high speed of
measurement
2) constant measuring accuracy independent of the observer
2
Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025
, Total station requirements - ✔✔1) Line of sight ZZ perpendicular to tilting
axis KK
2) Titling axis KK perpendicular to vertical axis VV
3) Vertical axis VV strictly vertical
4) Vertical circle reading precisely zero at zenith
What are the different types of total station errors - ✔✔1) Line of sight error
2) Tilting axis error
3) Vertical axis tilt
4) Height index error
What is line of sight error? - ✔✔deviation from the right angle between the
line of sight and tilting axis
What is tilting axis error ? - ✔✔deviation from the right angle between
tilting axis and vertical axis
What is a vertical axis tilt? - ✔✔between plumb line and vertical axis
3
Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025
Questions and Answers 100% Pass
What is the level ? - ✔✔a telescope rotatable about a vertical axis
What does a level do? - ✔✔creates a horizontal line of sight so height
differences can be determined
determines distance with an accuracy of 0.1 to 0.3 metres
Total station surveying - ✔✔the use of electronic survey equipment to
perform horizontal and vertical measurements in reference to a grid system
Horizontal angle vs vertical angle - ✔✔horizontal angle is independent of
height difference provided the telescope moves in a strictly vertical plane
1
Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025
,vertical angle is the difference between the prescribed direction and the
direction to the point under consideration
Height difference - ✔✔calculated from the distance between two staff
readings
backsight - foresight
When do you use line levelling? Characteristics of line levelling? - ✔✔If
point A and B are widely separated
Targets distances between 30 and 50 metres
Where does point A have to be in excavation? - ✔✔point A has to be at
street level and point B a metre below point A
Advantages of automatic target recognition - ✔✔1) high speed of
measurement
2) constant measuring accuracy independent of the observer
2
Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025
, Total station requirements - ✔✔1) Line of sight ZZ perpendicular to tilting
axis KK
2) Titling axis KK perpendicular to vertical axis VV
3) Vertical axis VV strictly vertical
4) Vertical circle reading precisely zero at zenith
What are the different types of total station errors - ✔✔1) Line of sight error
2) Tilting axis error
3) Vertical axis tilt
4) Height index error
What is line of sight error? - ✔✔deviation from the right angle between the
line of sight and tilting axis
What is tilting axis error ? - ✔✔deviation from the right angle between
tilting axis and vertical axis
What is a vertical axis tilt? - ✔✔between plumb line and vertical axis
3
Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025
