Psychology 1000 Final Exam - 2022 - Mark Scott - Memorial University Questions with 100% Correct Answers

psychology - ANSWERSthe scientific study of behavior and mental processes homunculus fallacy - ANSWERSthe idea that there is a single place somewhere in your brain where all the information from your senses is presented to your consciousness which does the perceiving, essentially assuming that there is a little person in your head that does the perceiving sigmund freud - ANSWERSlmfao falsification - ANSWERSthe ability of a theory to be tested and proved to be false rhetoric - ANSWERSa set of techniques for arguing a position, regardless of truth confirmation bias - ANSWERSa tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence barnum effect - ANSWERSpeople have the tendency to see themselves in vague, stock descriptions of personality (i.e. confirmation bias in horoscopes) pseudo-science - ANSWERSa collection of beliefs or practices mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method. scientific observation - ANSWERSan empirical investigation structured to answer questions about the world in a systematic and intersubjective fashion intersubjective - ANSWERSthe method of observation is so specific that other people can reliably observe the same thing given the same situation theory - ANSWERSa worked-out model of some phenomenon that is capable of making predictions, it incorporates a large body of observations and can be used to explain many things hypothesis - ANSWERSa guess about how a theory will work, it must be testable and falsifiable operationalization - ANSWERSthe process of assigning a way to measure abstract topics like happiness by finding a consistent definition of what we will choose to "count" as a measure of what we're interested in critical thinking - ANSWERStrying to avoid the many cognitive biases, evaluating information as to its reliability and usefulness covert behaviours - ANSWERSthings going on inside of you that others cannot observe, so they are "hidden" (i.e. getting angry, but there are still external "tells" that give it away like clenching of the jaw) the goals of psychology - ANSWERSdescribe, explain, predict, control psychiatrists - ANSWERSmedical doctors who specialize in treating sever mental disorders and can prescribe medication psychologist - ANSWERSnon-medical experts in psychology who treat mental disorders but are unable to prescribe medication socrates - ANSWERSto whom psychology can be traced back to, though he did not write any texts plato - ANSWERSa student of socrates who wrote down his theories and arguments, the reason we know of socrates today, he also founded the "academy" plato's view of the subconscious - ANSWERStwo horses (desire and emotion) pulling a chariot being controlled by a charioteer (reason), freud's id, ego, and superego are very similar aristotle - ANSWERSa student of plato's academy, he founded his own school, the "lyceum" introspection - ANSWERSexamination of one's own thoughts and feelings, referred to as armchair philosophy cognitive unconscious - ANSWERSall the mental processes that give rise to a person's thoughts, choices, emotions, and behavior even though they are not experienced by the person windhelm wundt - ANSWERSone of the first experimental psychologists and the first person to be called a psychologist, he was able to show that we are aware of many things without having any sense of how we became aware of those things voluntarism - ANSWERSthe role of "the will" in organizing perceptual experiences edward titchener - ANSWERSone of windhelm wundt's students, he helped develop structuralism structuralism - ANSWERSthe theory that there is basic units of the mind and that mental experiences can be explained as the way in which these elements combine (the structure of their combination), like looking at how each building block combines rather than the tower itself william james - ANSWERS"the father of psychology" at least in america, he helped found the approach known as functionalism functionalism - ANSWERSan approach that looks at the function of the mind as a whole in its relation to the environment, the evolutionary benefits of aspects of the mind artificial selection - ANSWERSbreeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits natural selection - ANSWERSa process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits survival of the fittest - ANSWERSprocess by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully - this is a key fitting in to a lock, not how strong an individual is naturalistic fallacy - ANSWERSthe mistake of assuming that something is morally correct because it is natural gestalt psychology - ANSWERSa psychological approach that emphasizes that the whole is more than the sum of the parts - their greatest contribution is to perception (people include Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka) psychotherapy - ANSWERSfreud's "talking therapy" in which he claimed he could analyze people's subconscious problems caused by childhood trauma behaviourism - ANSWERSthe idea that psychology should only study observable behaviour, this was the major backlash against introspection in which they called it unreliable and so it had to be abandoned for something measurable john b. watson - ANSWERSwhen society was so focused on overt behaviour, he took a deadly paralyzing poison to prevent himself from being able to to any overt behaviour and check if he could still talk to himself in his head (he could) overt behaviour - ANSWERSactions that are observable and visible to others conditioning - ANSWERSthe process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses b.f. skinner - ANSWERSthe most famous person associated with behaviourism, he is referred to as a radical behaviourist, he focused exclusively on measuring overt behaviour and relied on conditioning to explain many behaviours ivan pavlov - ANSWERSa russian physiologist studying digestion pavlov's dogs - ANSWERSfirst experiment that created and demonstrate the theory of classical conditioning pavlov's experiment - ANSWERSclassical conditioning experiment, making a dog associate the sound of a ringing bell to that of food - making the dog salivate at the sound classical conditioning - ANSWERSa type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events unconditioned stimulus - ANSWERSin classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response. unconditioned response - ANSWERSIn classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. conditioned stimulus - ANSWERSin classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response conditioned response - ANSWERSin classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS) - like salivating at the sound of a bell operant conditioning - ANSWERSwhen it is a more complex behaviour, rather than a reflex, that is conditioned, like pigeons literally playing ping-pong edward thorndike - ANSWERShe created puzzle boxes to train animals to perform behaviours