Psych 140 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS

Psych 140 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
CORRECT ANSWERS

QUESTION>How does collaboration influence fairness and sharing behaviors - CORRECT ANSWER~More
willing to share rewards after collaborating

Child is willing to give up their extra reward so that their partner will have equal because of collaboration



QUESTION>What is procedural fairness? - CORRECT ANSWER~Children don't just care about the
outcome; will accept unequal outcome if the method gives everyone equal opportunity

As active respondents, children begin insisting upon fair outcomes and fair procedures around 4-5 years
old (and even earlier after collaboration)



QUESTION>Mutual respect hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER~- Children reject splits like 1-4 because
inequitable splits reveal that the distributor does not hold equal respect for them

- Found that children reject unequal trials way more frequently than equal trials (of trash!) which cannot
be explained by a material payoff

- Children demand an equal share of worthless objects, suggesting our sense of fairness is primarily
about what allocations signal socially, rather than a concern for resources alone



QUESTION >Herrmann et al 2007: What are the two main hypotheses Herrmann and colleagues
investigated? - CORRECT ANSWER~Social hypothesis = humans will do better in the social domain and
will do the same in the physical domain (correct)

Physical hypothesis = humans will do better in both the physical and the social domains (incorrect)



QUESTION>Herrmann et al 2007: Who participated in the study? What were the different domains they
were tested on? - CORRECT ANSWER~Proved by comparing human child around 2 years old with chimp
and orangutan

Tested on physical and social domains



QUESTION>Herrmann et al 2007: What did the authors find and conclude? - CORRECT
ANSWER~conclusion that the social hypothesis was correct --> in physical domain they are just like other
apes, but in the social domain they outperform their closest relatives

,QUESTION>Dual inheritance theory: describe the theory, two components, and their relationship -
CORRECT ANSWER~Human behavior is a result of the combination of both genetic evolution and cultural
evolution Genes and culture aren't separate, they constantly interact



QUESTION>Culture: What is culture? - CORRECT ANSWER~Culture is the large body of practices,
techniques, heuristics tools, motivations, values, and beliefs that we acquire from those around us while
growing up



QUESTION>Culture: What are the two dimensions of culture? - CORRECT ANSWER~Synchronic
dimension: allows cultures to synchronize → coordinative dimension (e.g. Cooperation, Fairness,
Normativity Lecture) → at a specific moment in time

Diachronic Dimension: transmitting dimension, passing of cultural information over time (e.g. Social
Learning Lecture)



QUESTION>Culture: What is cumulative culture? - CORRECT ANSWER~Culture is passed through
generations in humans and improves over time (think wheel and igloo); imitation + innovation allows for
this



QUESTION>What are the two engines of cumulative culture? - CORRECT ANSWER~Imitation and
innovation



QUESTION>Culture: What are the three routs of cultural inheritance? What is an example of each route?
- CORRECT ANSWER~Any member of a population can culturally inherit information from any other
member

- Vertical: from biological parents to offspring

- Oblique: individuals of one generation to genetically unrelated individuals of another generation

- Horizontal: between individuals of the same biological generation



QUESTION>Culture: evolved apprentice - CORRECT ANSWER~Humans evolved exceptionally extended
childhoods as adaptations to our cultural lifestyle



QUESTION>Life history theory: What is it? - CORRECT ANSWER~describes the stages of growth and
reproduction that an individual goes through from birth to death

, QUESTION>Life history theory: Two main stages - CORRECT ANSWER~growth and reproduction



QUESTION>Life history theory: four distinct characteristics of human life history - CORRECT ANSWER~1)
Long lifespan

2) Support of reproduction by older and post-reproductive individuals

3) Extended period of juvenile dependence

4) Male support of reproduction



QUESTION>Life history theory: why is childhood viewed as an adaptation? - CORRECT
ANSWER~Childhood as a uniquely human life history stage

Extreme dependency

Adaptation to support cultural skill acquisition

Humans evolved exceptionally extended childhoods as adaptations to our cultural lifestyle → need to
learn so much, so extended childhoods allow for this learning time



QUESTION>Life history theory: what 3 factors does the development of human behavior and cognition
depend on? - CORRECT ANSWER~Nature: genetically inherited information

Inheritance only occurs between biological parents and their offspring

Nurture: information derived from direct interaction between the developing system and its
environment

Culture: information inherited via social learning

In principle, any member of a population can culturally inherit information from any other member



QUESTION>Representations: what are they? - CORRECT ANSWER~Representations evoke something
else, they are about something else

Navigation to show that we represent things in our brain in order to present them to others

Pictures, models, sentences, mental states



QUESTION>Representations: What are the four main types of representations? - CORRECT ANSWER~