1O|OPO aO gO e
NR 565 FINAL EXAM|| LATEST 2024-
O O O O O
2025 WITH ALL QUESTIONS AND 1005 CORRECT A
O O O O O O O
NSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+|| LATEST AND CO O O O O O O
MPLETE UPDATE 2024- O O
2025 WITH EXPERT VERIFIED SOLUTIONS|| ASSUR
O O O O O
ED PASS!!! O
what 3 labs are used for diagnosing thyroid dx
O O O O O O O O
TSH
O
Free T4 O
Total 3
O O
what is the time frame for rechecking labs after starting synthroid
O O O O O O O O O O
6-8 weeks after initiation or dose adjustment
O O O O O O
signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism
O O O O
Fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, hair loss, constipation.
O O O O O O O O O
signs sand symptoms of hyperthyroidism Wei
O O O O O
ght lossO
heat intolerance
O
Oanxiety
tremors palpitatio O
ns increased appet
O O
ite.
what medication treats thyroid storm be
O O O O O
ta blockers
O
,2O|OPO aO gO e
anti thyroid drugs(methimazole & PTU) cortic
O O O O O
osteroids
fluids
what is the first line treatment for hyperthyroidism Methimazo
O O O O O O O O
le
what happens when hypothyroidism is not treated during pregnancy increase
O O O O O O O O O
d risk of miscarriage
O O O
pre term birth
O O
developmental delays in child O O O
Criteria for dx DM O O O
Fasting plasma glucose greater than 126 Ra
O O O O O O
ndom plasma glucose greater than 200 Oral
O O O O O O O
glucose tolerance test greater than 200 HgA
O O O O O O
1c at or greater than 6.5%
O O O O O
What drug class should be considered for DM before insulin
O O O O O O O O O O
Biguanide (Metformin) O
Action of Insulin O O
,3O|OPO aO gO e
Synthesized in pancreas, primary metabolic action is anabolic. Promotes con
O O O O O O O O O
servation of energy and buildup of energy stores like glycogen.
O O O O O O O O O
MOA Sulfonylureas
O
by stimulating release of insulin from pancreatic islets. If pancreas is not capable
O O O O O O O O O O O O O
of insulin synthesis, they will not be effective. thus, cannot use on DM1 only DM2
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
Glinides MOA O
by stimulating release of insulin from pancreatic islets. If pancreas is not capable
O O O O O O O O O O O O O
of insulin synthesis, they will not be effective. thus, cannot use on DM1 only DM2
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
Thiazolidinediones (TZD) MOA O O
Decrease glucose levels primarily by decreasing insulin resistance
O O O O O O O
Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter-2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors MOA
O O O O O
blocks reabsorption of filtered glucose and creates glucose urea. Action is primary use
O O O O O O O O O O O O
ful in DM2 when trying to improve glycemic control
O O O O O O O O
dipeptidy peptidase 4 inhibitors (gliptins) (DPP-4) MOA
O O O O O O
promote glycemic control by enhancing actions of incretin hormones. It modestly decr
O O O O O O O O O O O
eases A1c O
, 4O|OPO aO gO e
Incretin hormone O
gut peptide secreted after nutrient intake and stimulates insulin production. Toget
O O O O O O O O O O
her with hyperglycemia, glucose dependent insulin tropic polypeptide and GLP-
O O O O O O O O O
1 are known as the incretin hormones from upper and lower gut. Together they ar
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
e responsible for incretin effect which is a 2-
O O O O O O O O
3 fold higher insulin secretory response vs oral or IV glucose.
O O O O O O O O O O
Note people with DM2 the incretin effect is diminished or no longer present.
O O O O O O O O O O O O
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) MOA O O O O
by augmenting the effects of incretin hormones GLP-
O O O O O O O
1 and other incretins are released from cells of GI tract after a meal. Incretins activ
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
ate receptors for GLP-
O O O
1 and slow gastric emptying, stimulate glucose dependent release of insulin and in
O O O O O O O O O O O O
hibits postprandial release of glucagon and suppresses appetite.
O O O O O O O
What drug class is most likely to cause hypoglycemia
O O O O O O O O
Sulfonylureas, insulin, meglitinides, amylin analogues, Glinides, Glipins
O O O O O O
Drug class less likley to cause hypoglycemia
O O O O O O O
Metformin, incretin mimetics, DPP-4, TZD
O O O O
Biguanidies ex O
O metformin
NR 565 FINAL EXAM|| LATEST 2024-
O O O O O
2025 WITH ALL QUESTIONS AND 1005 CORRECT A
O O O O O O O
NSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+|| LATEST AND CO O O O O O O
MPLETE UPDATE 2024- O O
2025 WITH EXPERT VERIFIED SOLUTIONS|| ASSUR
O O O O O
ED PASS!!! O
what 3 labs are used for diagnosing thyroid dx
O O O O O O O O
TSH
O
Free T4 O
Total 3
O O
what is the time frame for rechecking labs after starting synthroid
O O O O O O O O O O
6-8 weeks after initiation or dose adjustment
O O O O O O
signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism
O O O O
Fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, hair loss, constipation.
O O O O O O O O O
signs sand symptoms of hyperthyroidism Wei
O O O O O
ght lossO
heat intolerance
O
Oanxiety
tremors palpitatio O
ns increased appet
O O
ite.
what medication treats thyroid storm be
O O O O O
ta blockers
O
,2O|OPO aO gO e
anti thyroid drugs(methimazole & PTU) cortic
O O O O O
osteroids
fluids
what is the first line treatment for hyperthyroidism Methimazo
O O O O O O O O
le
what happens when hypothyroidism is not treated during pregnancy increase
O O O O O O O O O
d risk of miscarriage
O O O
pre term birth
O O
developmental delays in child O O O
Criteria for dx DM O O O
Fasting plasma glucose greater than 126 Ra
O O O O O O
ndom plasma glucose greater than 200 Oral
O O O O O O O
glucose tolerance test greater than 200 HgA
O O O O O O
1c at or greater than 6.5%
O O O O O
What drug class should be considered for DM before insulin
O O O O O O O O O O
Biguanide (Metformin) O
Action of Insulin O O
,3O|OPO aO gO e
Synthesized in pancreas, primary metabolic action is anabolic. Promotes con
O O O O O O O O O
servation of energy and buildup of energy stores like glycogen.
O O O O O O O O O
MOA Sulfonylureas
O
by stimulating release of insulin from pancreatic islets. If pancreas is not capable
O O O O O O O O O O O O O
of insulin synthesis, they will not be effective. thus, cannot use on DM1 only DM2
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
Glinides MOA O
by stimulating release of insulin from pancreatic islets. If pancreas is not capable
O O O O O O O O O O O O O
of insulin synthesis, they will not be effective. thus, cannot use on DM1 only DM2
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
Thiazolidinediones (TZD) MOA O O
Decrease glucose levels primarily by decreasing insulin resistance
O O O O O O O
Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter-2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors MOA
O O O O O
blocks reabsorption of filtered glucose and creates glucose urea. Action is primary use
O O O O O O O O O O O O
ful in DM2 when trying to improve glycemic control
O O O O O O O O
dipeptidy peptidase 4 inhibitors (gliptins) (DPP-4) MOA
O O O O O O
promote glycemic control by enhancing actions of incretin hormones. It modestly decr
O O O O O O O O O O O
eases A1c O
, 4O|OPO aO gO e
Incretin hormone O
gut peptide secreted after nutrient intake and stimulates insulin production. Toget
O O O O O O O O O O
her with hyperglycemia, glucose dependent insulin tropic polypeptide and GLP-
O O O O O O O O O
1 are known as the incretin hormones from upper and lower gut. Together they ar
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
e responsible for incretin effect which is a 2-
O O O O O O O O
3 fold higher insulin secretory response vs oral or IV glucose.
O O O O O O O O O O
Note people with DM2 the incretin effect is diminished or no longer present.
O O O O O O O O O O O O
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) MOA O O O O
by augmenting the effects of incretin hormones GLP-
O O O O O O O
1 and other incretins are released from cells of GI tract after a meal. Incretins activ
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
ate receptors for GLP-
O O O
1 and slow gastric emptying, stimulate glucose dependent release of insulin and in
O O O O O O O O O O O O
hibits postprandial release of glucagon and suppresses appetite.
O O O O O O O
What drug class is most likely to cause hypoglycemia
O O O O O O O O
Sulfonylureas, insulin, meglitinides, amylin analogues, Glinides, Glipins
O O O O O O
Drug class less likley to cause hypoglycemia
O O O O O O O
Metformin, incretin mimetics, DPP-4, TZD
O O O O
Biguanidies ex O
O metformin
