Echocardiography Test 2 2024/2025 Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Latest Update

Echocardiography Test 2 2024/2025
Exam Questions with 100% Correct
Answers | Latest Update



pressure energy= - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔force/area


pressure energy - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-largest of the three kinds of hydraulic

energies

-Transferred to blood by contractions of heart and stored in elastic walls of

blood vessels

-Also includes gravitational pressure (± pgh)


kinetic energy= - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1/2pv^2


p is density

-always much smaller than pressure energy


gravitational potential energy= - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔(pgh)


gravitational potential energy - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Reference level is imaginary

plane passing through heart



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,-will not be much of a factor in echo bc patients are lying down

For a given volume of blood, the total hydraulic energy is equal to -

🧠ANSWER ✔✔Total energy = P + 1/2pv2 + pgh


P=viscous flow pressure and gravitational pressure

Blood moves ______ a total gradient of hydraulic energy - 🧠ANSWER

✔✔down


Most important factor in determining total energy is - 🧠ANSWER

✔✔pressure energy gradient


Bernoulli's Law - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The total energy at all points along a tube

through which fluid is moving must be the same (providing viscous frictional

losses can be ignored). Thus kinetic energy and pressure energy are

interconverted with abrupt changes in vessel diameter


flow= - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔change in pressure X3.14Xr to the 4th power/8Ln




or

Flow=change in pressure/resistance


resistance= - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔8Ln/3.14 X r to 4th power


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,Bernoulli equation - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔P1 - P2 = 4 v squared




If v1 > 1.5 m/sec, use longer form of equation

∆P = 4(v2squared - v1squared)


flow acceleration - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-Applies only during valve opening


-Pressure energy is expended to overcome inertia rather than being

converted to kinetic energy

-Causes delay between pressure drop curve and velocity curve

Excellent correlation exists between measured pressure gradient and that

predicted from simplified Bernoulli equation for orifices of _____ in length

and ranging in area from _______ - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1-2mm,1.5 cm2 to

0.1cm2

when is Maximum pressure gradient (and long Bernoulli equation) used ? -

🧠ANSWER ✔✔when proximal velocity > 1.5 m/sec or aortic velocity < 3.0

m/sec




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, mean pressure gradient - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Instantaneous pressure gradients

are averaged over ejection period

- increases as stenosis gets worse


streamlining and pressure recovery - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔gradual narrowing

and we get more pressure recovery


viscous losses and pressure recovery - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Laminar flow in

narrowest point but turbulent flow just distal to it. Kinetic energy is lost to

heat with turbulent flow so we cannot reconvert all of it back to pressure

energy.


ΔP= - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔= High - Low




Low = High - ΔP




High = Low + ΔP


To apply bernoulli, there must be a ______ - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔narrowing


-Must measure velocity in the narrowing in order to measure pressure

difference.


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