HSC 300 EXAM FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Disease and Illness
What is the meaning? - Answers :A disease can be either a mental or physical
condition.
-Not all physical diseases are caused by pathogens.
-They may have a genetic cause or may be caused by an autoimmune response.
The perception of feeling the symptoms of a disease is considered an illness.
-When people have the flu or a cold, they usually consider themselves ill.
Health Definitions
World health organization
2000 joint committee on health education terminology - Answers :"A state of complete
physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and
infirmity."
(World Health Organization)
"A quality of life involving dynamic interaction and independence among the individual's
physical well-being, his (sic) mental and emotional reactions, the social complex in
which he (sic) exists."
(2000 Joint Committee on Health Education Terminology)
"An integrated method of functioning that is oriented toward maximizing the potential of
which the individual is capable."
(2000 Joint Committee on Health Education Terminology)
Illness Prevention Versus Health Enhancement - Answers :Illness Prevention
-Avoiding illness is highest priority
-Motivated by return to health or alleviation of symptoms
-Minimal goal
-Desire immediate or short-term results
-Need measurable results
-Time-limited activity
-Medical-centered motivation
-Authority dominated
-Fear as motivator
-External checks mandatory
-External rewards
-Specific behaviors
-Reactive (to symptoms or threat of symptoms)
Health Enhancement
-High health is high priority. Enjoy healthy behaviors.
-Motivated by feeling good, better, or best
-Maximal goal
,-Desire long-term results
-More nebulous results are OK
-On-going activity
-Ego-centric motivation
-Internal control
-Accomplishment as motivator
-Few external checks
-Internal rewards
-Diffuse behaviors
-Proactive (doesn't need negative force)
Orthodox Medicine Practices? - Answers :Orthodox medicine is also known as
traditional medicine.
Practitioners of orthodox medicine include Physicians, Dentists, Nurses, Social
Workers, Health Educators, etc.
There are two types of traditional physicians:
-An allopathic physician is the medical doctor (MD).
-An osteopathic physician is the DO.
-Both have similar academic training and clinical experiences.
CAM
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) - Answers :"Group of diverse medical
and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to
be part of conventional medicine."
(National Center for Complementary
and Alternative Medicine)
Many such approaches emphasize the role of the individual in maintaining his or her
health.
CAM
Complementary and Alternative Medicine - Answers :Those therapies used to
complement traditional medical therapies are identified as complementary (e.g., use of
aromatherapy after surgery).
Those used as a replacement for traditional medical practices are known as alternative
(e.g., use of special diet for cancer rather than surgery or chemotherapy).
CAM
CAM and Orthodox Medicine-similarities and differences - Answers :Both Orthodox
Medicine and CAM embrace holistic health concepts.
CAM practices are generally viewed as unorthodox from the standpoint of scientific
medicine as currently taught in medical schools.
,Alternative health care is probably more emphatic on the role of the individual in
maintaining his or her own health.
Practitioners of Orthodox Medicine must fulfill certain kinds and amounts of training,
education, and licensing.
They tend to treat symptoms of a disease or some other sick or unhealthy state.
Alternative healthcare givers embrace a wide variety of possible practices and
emphasize the body's natural self restoration properties.
CAM Therapies
Five categories
(as designated by the NCCAM)
Alternative medical systems
biological-based therapies
mind-body interventions
manipulative and body-based therapies
energy therapies - Answers :1) Alternative medical systems -alternative medicine,
traditional Chinese medicine, naturopathic medicine, and Ayurvedic medicine
2) Biologically based therapies-dietary supplements and herbal medicine
3) Mind-body interventions -meditation prayer mental healing art music and dance
4) Manipulative and body based therapies-chiropractic osteopath massage
5) Energy therapies-Qi gong,Reiki, therapeutic touch, pulse feels , magnetic fields
Alternative medical systems - Answers :homeopathic medicine, traditional Chinese
medicine, naturopathic medicine, and Ayurvedic medicine
Biologically based therapies - Answers :dietary supplements and herbal medicine
Mind-body interventions - Answers :meditation, prayer, mental healing, art, music, and
dance
Manipulative and body based therapies - Answers :chiropractic, osteopathic, and
massage
Energy therapies - Answers :Qi gong, Reiki, therapeutic touch, pulsed fields, and
magnetic fields
CAM Therapies: other examples - Answers :Prayer utilized for healing
Faith healing
Spirituality
Acupuncture
Acupressure
Alexander Technique
, Reflexology
Orthomolecular nutrition
Aerobics
Yoga
Tai chi ch'uan
Hypnosis
Biofeedback
Deep breathing exercises
Clinical ecology
Psychic and occult groups
CAM
Why Do People Seek Alternative Health Care? (Three major reasons) - Answers
:1.Dissatisfaction with the expense associated with conventional treatment.
2.To feel a greater sense of control over their own treatment.
3.Compatibility between the philosophy of certain therapies and patients' own beliefs
about their personal health care.
CAM - Persuasive Appeal of CAM - Answers :Nature linked with certain terminology
such as "natural."
Pure versus synthetics
Natural rather than artificial
Organic as opposed to processed.
In 2007, $34 billion dollars were spent to seek "natural" means to good health.
Health consumer Consumer Health - Answers :It deals with the decisions individuals
make with regard to the purchase and use of the available health products and services
that will have a direct effect on their health (Corrnacchia et al., 2007).
It involves the economic, or monetary, aspects of health over which individuals have
control.
Consumer health includes self-motivated or self-initiated actions
May include the purchase of a bottle of aspirin tablets or a dentifrice or the selection of a
physician, dentist or nursing home.
It is not what health departments or others do to control disease through clinics or
information.
Disease and Illness
What is the meaning? - Answers :A disease can be either a mental or physical
condition.
-Not all physical diseases are caused by pathogens.
-They may have a genetic cause or may be caused by an autoimmune response.
The perception of feeling the symptoms of a disease is considered an illness.
-When people have the flu or a cold, they usually consider themselves ill.
Health Definitions
World health organization
2000 joint committee on health education terminology - Answers :"A state of complete
physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and
infirmity."
(World Health Organization)
"A quality of life involving dynamic interaction and independence among the individual's
physical well-being, his (sic) mental and emotional reactions, the social complex in
which he (sic) exists."
(2000 Joint Committee on Health Education Terminology)
"An integrated method of functioning that is oriented toward maximizing the potential of
which the individual is capable."
(2000 Joint Committee on Health Education Terminology)
Illness Prevention Versus Health Enhancement - Answers :Illness Prevention
-Avoiding illness is highest priority
-Motivated by return to health or alleviation of symptoms
-Minimal goal
-Desire immediate or short-term results
-Need measurable results
-Time-limited activity
-Medical-centered motivation
-Authority dominated
-Fear as motivator
-External checks mandatory
-External rewards
-Specific behaviors
-Reactive (to symptoms or threat of symptoms)
Health Enhancement
-High health is high priority. Enjoy healthy behaviors.
-Motivated by feeling good, better, or best
-Maximal goal
,-Desire long-term results
-More nebulous results are OK
-On-going activity
-Ego-centric motivation
-Internal control
-Accomplishment as motivator
-Few external checks
-Internal rewards
-Diffuse behaviors
-Proactive (doesn't need negative force)
Orthodox Medicine Practices? - Answers :Orthodox medicine is also known as
traditional medicine.
Practitioners of orthodox medicine include Physicians, Dentists, Nurses, Social
Workers, Health Educators, etc.
There are two types of traditional physicians:
-An allopathic physician is the medical doctor (MD).
-An osteopathic physician is the DO.
-Both have similar academic training and clinical experiences.
CAM
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) - Answers :"Group of diverse medical
and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to
be part of conventional medicine."
(National Center for Complementary
and Alternative Medicine)
Many such approaches emphasize the role of the individual in maintaining his or her
health.
CAM
Complementary and Alternative Medicine - Answers :Those therapies used to
complement traditional medical therapies are identified as complementary (e.g., use of
aromatherapy after surgery).
Those used as a replacement for traditional medical practices are known as alternative
(e.g., use of special diet for cancer rather than surgery or chemotherapy).
CAM
CAM and Orthodox Medicine-similarities and differences - Answers :Both Orthodox
Medicine and CAM embrace holistic health concepts.
CAM practices are generally viewed as unorthodox from the standpoint of scientific
medicine as currently taught in medical schools.
,Alternative health care is probably more emphatic on the role of the individual in
maintaining his or her own health.
Practitioners of Orthodox Medicine must fulfill certain kinds and amounts of training,
education, and licensing.
They tend to treat symptoms of a disease or some other sick or unhealthy state.
Alternative healthcare givers embrace a wide variety of possible practices and
emphasize the body's natural self restoration properties.
CAM Therapies
Five categories
(as designated by the NCCAM)
Alternative medical systems
biological-based therapies
mind-body interventions
manipulative and body-based therapies
energy therapies - Answers :1) Alternative medical systems -alternative medicine,
traditional Chinese medicine, naturopathic medicine, and Ayurvedic medicine
2) Biologically based therapies-dietary supplements and herbal medicine
3) Mind-body interventions -meditation prayer mental healing art music and dance
4) Manipulative and body based therapies-chiropractic osteopath massage
5) Energy therapies-Qi gong,Reiki, therapeutic touch, pulse feels , magnetic fields
Alternative medical systems - Answers :homeopathic medicine, traditional Chinese
medicine, naturopathic medicine, and Ayurvedic medicine
Biologically based therapies - Answers :dietary supplements and herbal medicine
Mind-body interventions - Answers :meditation, prayer, mental healing, art, music, and
dance
Manipulative and body based therapies - Answers :chiropractic, osteopathic, and
massage
Energy therapies - Answers :Qi gong, Reiki, therapeutic touch, pulsed fields, and
magnetic fields
CAM Therapies: other examples - Answers :Prayer utilized for healing
Faith healing
Spirituality
Acupuncture
Acupressure
Alexander Technique
, Reflexology
Orthomolecular nutrition
Aerobics
Yoga
Tai chi ch'uan
Hypnosis
Biofeedback
Deep breathing exercises
Clinical ecology
Psychic and occult groups
CAM
Why Do People Seek Alternative Health Care? (Three major reasons) - Answers
:1.Dissatisfaction with the expense associated with conventional treatment.
2.To feel a greater sense of control over their own treatment.
3.Compatibility between the philosophy of certain therapies and patients' own beliefs
about their personal health care.
CAM - Persuasive Appeal of CAM - Answers :Nature linked with certain terminology
such as "natural."
Pure versus synthetics
Natural rather than artificial
Organic as opposed to processed.
In 2007, $34 billion dollars were spent to seek "natural" means to good health.
Health consumer Consumer Health - Answers :It deals with the decisions individuals
make with regard to the purchase and use of the available health products and services
that will have a direct effect on their health (Corrnacchia et al., 2007).
It involves the economic, or monetary, aspects of health over which individuals have
control.
Consumer health includes self-motivated or self-initiated actions
May include the purchase of a bottle of aspirin tablets or a dentifrice or the selection of a
physician, dentist or nursing home.
It is not what health departments or others do to control disease through clinics or
information.
