TEST BANK FOR BROCK BIOLOGY OF MICROORGANISMS 16TH
N N N N N N N N
EDITION MADIGAN
N N
,ACCESS Test Bank for Brock Biology of Microorganisms 16th Edition
N N N N N N N N N
Madigan N
CHAPTER
The Microbial World
N N
1
Summary
Chapter N1 Nintroduces Nthe Nstudy Nof Nmicrobiology Nfor Nstudents, Nmost Nof Nwhom
Nwill Nhave Nhad Nlittle Nor Nno Nexposure Nto Nthe Nsubject. NConsequently, Nyou Nhave Na
Ngood Nopportunity Nto Nprovide Nan Noverview Nof Nmicrobiology Nthat Ndemonstrates
Nthe Nimportant Nroles Nmicroorganisms N(or Nmicrobes) Nplay Nin Nhuman Nactivities
Nand Nin Nthe Necology Nof Nthe Nentire Nbiosphere. NThe Nability Nof Nmicroorganisms Nto
Nexist Nindependently Nin Nnature Nas Nfree-living Ncells Nwithin Nlarger Nmicrobial
Ncommunities N(Figure N1.1) Nconfers Nenormous Nadaptive Nadvantages Nover Ncells Nof
Nmacroorganisms, Nwhich Nare Nincapable Nof Nan Nindependent Nexistence.
1.1 | Microorganisms, Tiny Titans of the Earth
N N N N N N
Describe Nto Nstudents Nways Nin Nwhich Nmicrobiology Nserves Nas Nboth Na Nbasic Nand Nan
Napplied Nbiological Nscience. NFrom Na Nbasic Nperspective, Nthe Nstudy Nof Nmicroorganisms Nin
Nlaboratory Nculture Nhas Nbeen Nthe Nprimary Nmeans Nby Nwhich Nthe Nfundamental Ngenetic Nand
Nbiochemical Nproperties Nof Nliving Ncells Nhave Nbeen Nrevealed. NFrom Nan Napplied
Nperspective, Nmicroorganisms Ndirectly Naffect Nthe Nquality Nof Nhuman Nlife Nin Nboth
Ndetrimental Nand Nbeneficial Nways. NAlthough Nmicroorganisms Nare Nthe Ncausative Nagents Nof
Nsome Nof Nthe Nmost Nimportant Nhuman, Nanimal, Nand Nplant Ndiseases, Nthey Nare Nalso Nused Nfor
Nthe Nindustrial Nproduction Nof Nantibiotics, Npharmaceuticals, Nand Nfoods. NMicrobes Nare Nalso
Nincreasingly Nbeing Nused Nfor Nbeneficial Npurposes Nas Ndiverse Nas Nbioremediation Nof
Npolluted Nsites, Ngene Ntherapies Nfor Ngenetic Ndiseases, Nand Nthe Nproduction Nof Nbiofuels.
NMicrobiology Nis Ntherefore Na Nscience Nof Nfar-reaching Nscope, Nwith Napplications Nthat
Naffect Nthe Nquality Nof Nhuman Nlife Nin Na Nvariety Nof Nways N(Figure N1.2).
You Nshould Nalso Nemphasize Nto Nstudents Nthe Nimportance Nof Nmicroorganisms Nin Nthe
Nemergence Nand Nmaintenance Nof Nhigher Nforms Nof Nlife. NFrom Nthe Nproduction Nof
Nmolecular Noxygen N(by Ncyanobacteria) Nto Nthe Nbiogeochemical Ncycling Nof Nkey Nelements,
Nsuch Nas Ncarbon, Nnitrogen, Nand Nsulfur, Nmicroorganisms Nplay Na Nmajor Nrole Nin Nsustaining
Nall Nlife Non Nthe Nplanet. NPoint Nout Nin Nyour Ncourse Nintroduction Nthat Nfor Nall Nthe Nreasons
Nsummarized Nin Nthis Nsection, Nmicrobiology Nis Nthe Nfoundation Nof Nall Nbiological Nsciences.
1.2 | Structure and Activities of Microbial Cells
N N N N N N
Because Nmicroorganisms Ngenerally Nexist Nas Nfree-living Ncells, Nit Nis Nimportant Nto Ndiscuss Nthe
Ncharacteristics Nof Ncells Nin Ngeneral. NEmphasize Nthat Nall Ncells Nexhibit Na Nnonrandom Norganization
Nwith Na Nsemipermeable Nmembrane Nboundary Nthat Nencompasses Nan Ninternal Nsystem Nthat Nis Nnot
Nin Nequilibrium Nwith Nits Nenvironment. NPoint Nout Nthat Nprokaryotic Ncells N(i.e., Nall NBacteria Nand
NArchaea) Ndo Nnot Ncontain Nmembrane-bound, Ninternal Norganelles Nas Ntraditionally Ndescribed Nfor
Neukaryotic Ncells N(the NEukarya; NFigure N1.4). NIn Nparticular, Nthe Norganization Nof Nprokaryotic
NDNA Nas Na Nsingle Nchromosome Nin Nan
mynursytest.store
,ACCESS Test Bank for Brock Biology of Microorganisms 16th Edition
N N N N N N N N N
Madigan N
Copyright N© N2021 NPearson NEducation, NInc. CHAPTER N1 NThe NMicrobial NWorld 1
mynursytest.store
, ACCESS Test Bank for Brock Biology of Microorganisms 16th Edition
N N N N N N N N N
Madigan N
arrangement Ncalled Na Nnucleoid, Nan Naggregated Nmass Nof Ngenetic Nmaterial Nwithin Nthe Ncytoplasm,
Nis Nin Nstark Ncontrast Nto Nthe Ncompartmentalized, Nmultichromosomal Nconfiguration Ntypically Nfound
Nin Neukaryotes. NHowever, Ndespite Nthe Nstructural Nand Nmorphological Nsimilarities Nof NBacteria Nand
NArchaea, Nmake Nsure Nyour Nstudents Nare Naware Nearly Non Nthat Nthese Ngroups Nof Nmicroorganisms
Nhave Nquite Ndistinct Nevolutionary Nlineages Nand Nare, Ntherefore, Nnot Nclosely Nrelated Non Na Ngenetic
Nlevel. NThis Nconcept Nis Ndiscussed Nin Nmore Ndetail Nin NSection N1.5.
The Nability Nof Ncells Nto Nmaintain Na Nthermodynamic Nenergy Nflow Nfar Nfrom
Nequilibrium Ndefines Nwhat Nwe Nrefer Nto Nas Na Nliving Nsystem. NAll Nliving Nsystems Ndisplay
Nsome Nform Nof Nenzyme-driven Nmetabolism Nin Nwhich Nboth Nenergy-yielding N(catabolic)
Nand Nenergy- Nconsuming N(anabolic) Nbiochemical Nreactions Nare Ncatalyzed Nconcurrently.
NThese Nchemical Ntransformations Nallow Nfor Nbiosynthesis Nof Nnew Ncell Nstructures Nand,
Nultimately, Ncell Ndivision N(microbial Ngrowth). NFigure N1.5 Nshows Nthe Ncharacteristics
Nthat Ndefine Ncellular Nlife, Nsome Nof Nwhich Nare Nuniversal N(e.g., Nmetabolism Nand
Nevolution) Nand Nsome Nof Nwhich Noccur Nonly Nin Nsome Ncells N(e.g., Ndifferentiation Nand
Nmotility).
1.3 | Cell Size and Morphology
N N N N
The Npresentation Nin Nthe Ntext Nof Nthe Nsignificance Nof Nbeing Nsmall Nis Nan Nimportant Nconcept Nfor
Nstudents Nto Ninternalize Nas Nthey Nbegin Ntheir Nstudy Nof Nmicrobiology. NTable N1.1 Nshows Nthe Nwide
Nsize Nrange Nvariability Nof Nbacterial Ncells, Nwhich Nrange Nfrom Na Ndiameter Nof Nabout N0.2 Nµm Nto
Nover N700 Nµm. NUse Nthe Ntwo Nexamples Nof Nunusually Nlarge Nbacteria Ndiscussed Nin Nthis Nsection Nto
Nillustrate Nthe Ncurrent Nupper Nlimit Nof Nbacterial Ncell Nsize: N(1) Nthe Nsurgeonfish Ngut Nsymbiont
NEpulopiscium Nfishelsoni N(>600 Nµm Nin Nlength; NFigure N1.6a), Nand N(2) Nthe Nsulfur
Nchemolithotroph NThiomargarita Nnamibiensis N(750 Nµm; NFigure N1.6b). NThe Nevolutionary
N―rationale‖ Nfor Nthe Nexistence Nof Nunusually Nlarge-celled Nbacteria Nis Na Nmystery Nwhen None
Nconsiders Nthat Nthe Nmetabolic Nrate Nof Na Ncell Nvaries Ninversely Nwith Nthe Nsquare Nof Nits Nsize. NAsk
Nyour Nstudents Nfor Nideas Nand/or Nhypotheses Nthat Nmight Nexplain Nthe Nselective Nadvantage Nof
Nlarge Ncell Nsize Nin Nthese Ntwo Nprokaryotes.
The Nfact Nthat Nbacteria Ncan Nlive Nindependently Nas Nsingle Ncells N(unlike Nan Nindividual Ncell Nof Na
Nmulticellular Norganism) Nsuggests Nthat Nthey Nmust Npossess Nsome Ncapabilities Nthat Nprovide Na
Nselective Nadvantage Nover Ntheir Nmulticellular Ncounterparts Nthat Nensure Ntheir Nsurvival Non Nthe
Nplanet. NSmall Ncells Nhave Nmore Nsurface Narea Nto Nvolume N(i.e., Na Nhigher Nsurface-to-volume Nratio),
Nand Nthis Nalone Nconfers Nmany Nof Nthe Nevolutionary Nadvantages Nof Nbeing Nsmall, Nincluding Nthe
Nfollowing:
● Rapid Nnutrient Nand Nwaste Ntransport Ninto Nand Nout Nof Nthe Ncell Nallows Nfor Nfaster Nmetabolic
Nrates Nand Ngrowth Nrates.
● Rapid Ngrowth Nrates Nresult Nin Nthe Nrapid Nproduction Nof Nlarge Npopulations Nof Ncells. NThese
Npopulations, Nin Nturn, Ncan Ngreatly Naffect Nthe Nphysiochemical Nconditions Nof Nan Necosystem
Nwithin Na Nshort Ntime Nperiod.
● Transport Nrates Nare Na Nfunction Nof Nthe Nsurface Narea Nof Nthe Ncytoplasmic Nmembrane Nrelative Nto
Ncell Nvolume. NUse NFigure N1.7 Nto Nmathematically Ndemonstrate Nto Nstudents Nthat Nthe Nsurface
Narea Nof Na Nsphere Nis Na Nfunction Nof Nthe Nsquare Nof Nthe Nradius, Nwhereas Nthe Nvolume Nof Na Nsphere Nis
Na Nfunction Nof Nthe Ncube Nof Nthe Nradius. NThis Nmeans Nthat Nthe Nsurface-to-volume Nratio Nof Na
Nspherical Ncell Ncan Nbe Nexpressed Nas N3/r, Nwhere Nr Nequals Nthe Nradius Nof Nthe Ncell. NTherefore, Na
Ncoccus Ncell Nhaving Na Nsmaller Nradius Nhas Nmore Nsurface Narea Nper Nvolume Nand, Nthus, Nmore
Nefficient Ntransport Ncapabilities, Nthan Na Ncoccus Ncell Nhaving Na Nlarger Nradius.
● Rates Nof Nevolutionary Nchange Nare Nhigher Nin Nsmaller, Nfaster Ngrowing Nhaploid Ncells Nthan Nin
mynursytest.store
N N N N N N N N
EDITION MADIGAN
N N
,ACCESS Test Bank for Brock Biology of Microorganisms 16th Edition
N N N N N N N N N
Madigan N
CHAPTER
The Microbial World
N N
1
Summary
Chapter N1 Nintroduces Nthe Nstudy Nof Nmicrobiology Nfor Nstudents, Nmost Nof Nwhom
Nwill Nhave Nhad Nlittle Nor Nno Nexposure Nto Nthe Nsubject. NConsequently, Nyou Nhave Na
Ngood Nopportunity Nto Nprovide Nan Noverview Nof Nmicrobiology Nthat Ndemonstrates
Nthe Nimportant Nroles Nmicroorganisms N(or Nmicrobes) Nplay Nin Nhuman Nactivities
Nand Nin Nthe Necology Nof Nthe Nentire Nbiosphere. NThe Nability Nof Nmicroorganisms Nto
Nexist Nindependently Nin Nnature Nas Nfree-living Ncells Nwithin Nlarger Nmicrobial
Ncommunities N(Figure N1.1) Nconfers Nenormous Nadaptive Nadvantages Nover Ncells Nof
Nmacroorganisms, Nwhich Nare Nincapable Nof Nan Nindependent Nexistence.
1.1 | Microorganisms, Tiny Titans of the Earth
N N N N N N
Describe Nto Nstudents Nways Nin Nwhich Nmicrobiology Nserves Nas Nboth Na Nbasic Nand Nan
Napplied Nbiological Nscience. NFrom Na Nbasic Nperspective, Nthe Nstudy Nof Nmicroorganisms Nin
Nlaboratory Nculture Nhas Nbeen Nthe Nprimary Nmeans Nby Nwhich Nthe Nfundamental Ngenetic Nand
Nbiochemical Nproperties Nof Nliving Ncells Nhave Nbeen Nrevealed. NFrom Nan Napplied
Nperspective, Nmicroorganisms Ndirectly Naffect Nthe Nquality Nof Nhuman Nlife Nin Nboth
Ndetrimental Nand Nbeneficial Nways. NAlthough Nmicroorganisms Nare Nthe Ncausative Nagents Nof
Nsome Nof Nthe Nmost Nimportant Nhuman, Nanimal, Nand Nplant Ndiseases, Nthey Nare Nalso Nused Nfor
Nthe Nindustrial Nproduction Nof Nantibiotics, Npharmaceuticals, Nand Nfoods. NMicrobes Nare Nalso
Nincreasingly Nbeing Nused Nfor Nbeneficial Npurposes Nas Ndiverse Nas Nbioremediation Nof
Npolluted Nsites, Ngene Ntherapies Nfor Ngenetic Ndiseases, Nand Nthe Nproduction Nof Nbiofuels.
NMicrobiology Nis Ntherefore Na Nscience Nof Nfar-reaching Nscope, Nwith Napplications Nthat
Naffect Nthe Nquality Nof Nhuman Nlife Nin Na Nvariety Nof Nways N(Figure N1.2).
You Nshould Nalso Nemphasize Nto Nstudents Nthe Nimportance Nof Nmicroorganisms Nin Nthe
Nemergence Nand Nmaintenance Nof Nhigher Nforms Nof Nlife. NFrom Nthe Nproduction Nof
Nmolecular Noxygen N(by Ncyanobacteria) Nto Nthe Nbiogeochemical Ncycling Nof Nkey Nelements,
Nsuch Nas Ncarbon, Nnitrogen, Nand Nsulfur, Nmicroorganisms Nplay Na Nmajor Nrole Nin Nsustaining
Nall Nlife Non Nthe Nplanet. NPoint Nout Nin Nyour Ncourse Nintroduction Nthat Nfor Nall Nthe Nreasons
Nsummarized Nin Nthis Nsection, Nmicrobiology Nis Nthe Nfoundation Nof Nall Nbiological Nsciences.
1.2 | Structure and Activities of Microbial Cells
N N N N N N
Because Nmicroorganisms Ngenerally Nexist Nas Nfree-living Ncells, Nit Nis Nimportant Nto Ndiscuss Nthe
Ncharacteristics Nof Ncells Nin Ngeneral. NEmphasize Nthat Nall Ncells Nexhibit Na Nnonrandom Norganization
Nwith Na Nsemipermeable Nmembrane Nboundary Nthat Nencompasses Nan Ninternal Nsystem Nthat Nis Nnot
Nin Nequilibrium Nwith Nits Nenvironment. NPoint Nout Nthat Nprokaryotic Ncells N(i.e., Nall NBacteria Nand
NArchaea) Ndo Nnot Ncontain Nmembrane-bound, Ninternal Norganelles Nas Ntraditionally Ndescribed Nfor
Neukaryotic Ncells N(the NEukarya; NFigure N1.4). NIn Nparticular, Nthe Norganization Nof Nprokaryotic
NDNA Nas Na Nsingle Nchromosome Nin Nan
mynursytest.store
,ACCESS Test Bank for Brock Biology of Microorganisms 16th Edition
N N N N N N N N N
Madigan N
Copyright N© N2021 NPearson NEducation, NInc. CHAPTER N1 NThe NMicrobial NWorld 1
mynursytest.store
, ACCESS Test Bank for Brock Biology of Microorganisms 16th Edition
N N N N N N N N N
Madigan N
arrangement Ncalled Na Nnucleoid, Nan Naggregated Nmass Nof Ngenetic Nmaterial Nwithin Nthe Ncytoplasm,
Nis Nin Nstark Ncontrast Nto Nthe Ncompartmentalized, Nmultichromosomal Nconfiguration Ntypically Nfound
Nin Neukaryotes. NHowever, Ndespite Nthe Nstructural Nand Nmorphological Nsimilarities Nof NBacteria Nand
NArchaea, Nmake Nsure Nyour Nstudents Nare Naware Nearly Non Nthat Nthese Ngroups Nof Nmicroorganisms
Nhave Nquite Ndistinct Nevolutionary Nlineages Nand Nare, Ntherefore, Nnot Nclosely Nrelated Non Na Ngenetic
Nlevel. NThis Nconcept Nis Ndiscussed Nin Nmore Ndetail Nin NSection N1.5.
The Nability Nof Ncells Nto Nmaintain Na Nthermodynamic Nenergy Nflow Nfar Nfrom
Nequilibrium Ndefines Nwhat Nwe Nrefer Nto Nas Na Nliving Nsystem. NAll Nliving Nsystems Ndisplay
Nsome Nform Nof Nenzyme-driven Nmetabolism Nin Nwhich Nboth Nenergy-yielding N(catabolic)
Nand Nenergy- Nconsuming N(anabolic) Nbiochemical Nreactions Nare Ncatalyzed Nconcurrently.
NThese Nchemical Ntransformations Nallow Nfor Nbiosynthesis Nof Nnew Ncell Nstructures Nand,
Nultimately, Ncell Ndivision N(microbial Ngrowth). NFigure N1.5 Nshows Nthe Ncharacteristics
Nthat Ndefine Ncellular Nlife, Nsome Nof Nwhich Nare Nuniversal N(e.g., Nmetabolism Nand
Nevolution) Nand Nsome Nof Nwhich Noccur Nonly Nin Nsome Ncells N(e.g., Ndifferentiation Nand
Nmotility).
1.3 | Cell Size and Morphology
N N N N
The Npresentation Nin Nthe Ntext Nof Nthe Nsignificance Nof Nbeing Nsmall Nis Nan Nimportant Nconcept Nfor
Nstudents Nto Ninternalize Nas Nthey Nbegin Ntheir Nstudy Nof Nmicrobiology. NTable N1.1 Nshows Nthe Nwide
Nsize Nrange Nvariability Nof Nbacterial Ncells, Nwhich Nrange Nfrom Na Ndiameter Nof Nabout N0.2 Nµm Nto
Nover N700 Nµm. NUse Nthe Ntwo Nexamples Nof Nunusually Nlarge Nbacteria Ndiscussed Nin Nthis Nsection Nto
Nillustrate Nthe Ncurrent Nupper Nlimit Nof Nbacterial Ncell Nsize: N(1) Nthe Nsurgeonfish Ngut Nsymbiont
NEpulopiscium Nfishelsoni N(>600 Nµm Nin Nlength; NFigure N1.6a), Nand N(2) Nthe Nsulfur
Nchemolithotroph NThiomargarita Nnamibiensis N(750 Nµm; NFigure N1.6b). NThe Nevolutionary
N―rationale‖ Nfor Nthe Nexistence Nof Nunusually Nlarge-celled Nbacteria Nis Na Nmystery Nwhen None
Nconsiders Nthat Nthe Nmetabolic Nrate Nof Na Ncell Nvaries Ninversely Nwith Nthe Nsquare Nof Nits Nsize. NAsk
Nyour Nstudents Nfor Nideas Nand/or Nhypotheses Nthat Nmight Nexplain Nthe Nselective Nadvantage Nof
Nlarge Ncell Nsize Nin Nthese Ntwo Nprokaryotes.
The Nfact Nthat Nbacteria Ncan Nlive Nindependently Nas Nsingle Ncells N(unlike Nan Nindividual Ncell Nof Na
Nmulticellular Norganism) Nsuggests Nthat Nthey Nmust Npossess Nsome Ncapabilities Nthat Nprovide Na
Nselective Nadvantage Nover Ntheir Nmulticellular Ncounterparts Nthat Nensure Ntheir Nsurvival Non Nthe
Nplanet. NSmall Ncells Nhave Nmore Nsurface Narea Nto Nvolume N(i.e., Na Nhigher Nsurface-to-volume Nratio),
Nand Nthis Nalone Nconfers Nmany Nof Nthe Nevolutionary Nadvantages Nof Nbeing Nsmall, Nincluding Nthe
Nfollowing:
● Rapid Nnutrient Nand Nwaste Ntransport Ninto Nand Nout Nof Nthe Ncell Nallows Nfor Nfaster Nmetabolic
Nrates Nand Ngrowth Nrates.
● Rapid Ngrowth Nrates Nresult Nin Nthe Nrapid Nproduction Nof Nlarge Npopulations Nof Ncells. NThese
Npopulations, Nin Nturn, Ncan Ngreatly Naffect Nthe Nphysiochemical Nconditions Nof Nan Necosystem
Nwithin Na Nshort Ntime Nperiod.
● Transport Nrates Nare Na Nfunction Nof Nthe Nsurface Narea Nof Nthe Ncytoplasmic Nmembrane Nrelative Nto
Ncell Nvolume. NUse NFigure N1.7 Nto Nmathematically Ndemonstrate Nto Nstudents Nthat Nthe Nsurface
Narea Nof Na Nsphere Nis Na Nfunction Nof Nthe Nsquare Nof Nthe Nradius, Nwhereas Nthe Nvolume Nof Na Nsphere Nis
Na Nfunction Nof Nthe Ncube Nof Nthe Nradius. NThis Nmeans Nthat Nthe Nsurface-to-volume Nratio Nof Na
Nspherical Ncell Ncan Nbe Nexpressed Nas N3/r, Nwhere Nr Nequals Nthe Nradius Nof Nthe Ncell. NTherefore, Na
Ncoccus Ncell Nhaving Na Nsmaller Nradius Nhas Nmore Nsurface Narea Nper Nvolume Nand, Nthus, Nmore
Nefficient Ntransport Ncapabilities, Nthan Na Ncoccus Ncell Nhaving Na Nlarger Nradius.
● Rates Nof Nevolutionary Nchange Nare Nhigher Nin Nsmaller, Nfaster Ngrowing Nhaploid Ncells Nthan Nin
mynursytest.store
