Cellular Respiration (Harvesting Energy)
Overview:
ATP - E of the cell
- produced during cellular respiration using the mitochondria
- the circulatory system diffuses O2 and C6H12O6 to the mitochondria for
processing
- ATP is given off along with CO2 and H2O
- cellular respiration consists of many steps mediated by specific enzymes
- high E e’ are removed from glucose breakdown and passed
down an E.T.C. to a lower E level
- as e’ are move from one carrier to the next, E is released and
recaptured for ATP production
- chemical E (glucose) is transferred into usable E, but some E is lost as heat
(1st and 2nd Laws of Thermo.)
- as you exercise, E is produced resulting in a rise in body temperature –
sweat cools the body (evaporation, vaporization)
Cellular Respiration C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
= a cellular process that requires O2 and gives off CO2 and H2O plus E
glucose = high E carbon dioxide = low E water = low E
- when glucose is broken down, E is released (exergonic)
- e- are removed from substrates which are received by O atoms combining
with H+ making H2O (e- and H+ travel together)
C6 H12 O6 → 6 CO2 oxidation = loss of e-
6 O2 → 6 H2O reduction = gain e-
“re-ox reaction”
- when ATP is produced, E is required (endergonic)
- ATP is gradually made to reduce E loss as heat
- maximum yield of ATP is 36 or 38
- 39% of the E in glucose is transferred into ATP
1
, --------------------------------
- cellular respiration involves many, many pathways each with their own
specific enzymes
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
= a coenzyme used
= 2 e’ + 2 H+ → NADH
= high E e’ are carried to the E.T.C.
FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
= a coenzyme used
= 2 e’ + 2 H+ → FADH2
---------------------------------
Phases of Complete Glucose Breakdown (Cellular Respiration)
C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Phases for complete glucose breakdown:
Glycolysis (with or without O2 in the cytoplasm)
= glucose broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules releasing 2 ATP
molecules
Pyruvate Oxidation (transition or preparatory) reaction
= pyruvate mole. oxidized into an acetyl group
= CO2 removed
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs cycle)
= cyclic reactions take place to release CO2 to produce ATP
E.T.C. (Electron Transport Chain - chemiosmosis)
= a series of carriers that accept the e’ removed from glucose during
glycolysis, the pyruvate oxidation reactions, and the citric acid cycle
cycle
- NAD+ carries these e’ through the E.T.C. to be received by O2
resulting H2O
’
- e travel from high E levels to low E levels; releasing E and storing it
as ATP (32 or 34)
2
Overview:
ATP - E of the cell
- produced during cellular respiration using the mitochondria
- the circulatory system diffuses O2 and C6H12O6 to the mitochondria for
processing
- ATP is given off along with CO2 and H2O
- cellular respiration consists of many steps mediated by specific enzymes
- high E e’ are removed from glucose breakdown and passed
down an E.T.C. to a lower E level
- as e’ are move from one carrier to the next, E is released and
recaptured for ATP production
- chemical E (glucose) is transferred into usable E, but some E is lost as heat
(1st and 2nd Laws of Thermo.)
- as you exercise, E is produced resulting in a rise in body temperature –
sweat cools the body (evaporation, vaporization)
Cellular Respiration C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
= a cellular process that requires O2 and gives off CO2 and H2O plus E
glucose = high E carbon dioxide = low E water = low E
- when glucose is broken down, E is released (exergonic)
- e- are removed from substrates which are received by O atoms combining
with H+ making H2O (e- and H+ travel together)
C6 H12 O6 → 6 CO2 oxidation = loss of e-
6 O2 → 6 H2O reduction = gain e-
“re-ox reaction”
- when ATP is produced, E is required (endergonic)
- ATP is gradually made to reduce E loss as heat
- maximum yield of ATP is 36 or 38
- 39% of the E in glucose is transferred into ATP
1
, --------------------------------
- cellular respiration involves many, many pathways each with their own
specific enzymes
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
= a coenzyme used
= 2 e’ + 2 H+ → NADH
= high E e’ are carried to the E.T.C.
FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
= a coenzyme used
= 2 e’ + 2 H+ → FADH2
---------------------------------
Phases of Complete Glucose Breakdown (Cellular Respiration)
C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Phases for complete glucose breakdown:
Glycolysis (with or without O2 in the cytoplasm)
= glucose broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules releasing 2 ATP
molecules
Pyruvate Oxidation (transition or preparatory) reaction
= pyruvate mole. oxidized into an acetyl group
= CO2 removed
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs cycle)
= cyclic reactions take place to release CO2 to produce ATP
E.T.C. (Electron Transport Chain - chemiosmosis)
= a series of carriers that accept the e’ removed from glucose during
glycolysis, the pyruvate oxidation reactions, and the citric acid cycle
cycle
- NAD+ carries these e’ through the E.T.C. to be received by O2
resulting H2O
’
- e travel from high E levels to low E levels; releasing E and storing it
as ATP (32 or 34)
2
