Energy and Metabolism (enzymes and movement)
energy = the ability or capacity to do work
2 major types of energy:
kinetic E - E of movement
potential E - stored E
There are different forms of E:
- mechanical E = used to move around
- light E = see what you are doing
- heat E = maintain temperature
- chemical-bond E = energy stored in bonds that hold atoms together
- electrical E = motor on the vacuum cleaner
E can be changed into different forms of E
ex. Electrical E transformed into light E in a light bulb
A power plant does not make E, it just transforms it into something usable for
modern society.
Thermodynamics = the study of E transfer (2 laws)
First Law of Thermodynamics: sometimes referred to as the
Law of Conservation of Energy
- assuming E is not being introduced, the total amount of E is constant
E cannot be created or destroyed;
instead it is transformed from one form into another.
ex. Eating Food (chemical E being transformed into another chemical E
– ATP which is converted into potential E)
Second Law of Thermodynamics:
When energy is transformed one form into another, some useful energy
is always lost as heat; therefore, energy cannot be recycled.
Slamming a book on the desk - mechanical E → Sound and Heat E
E is converted from more useful form into less useful forms.
1
, - entropy: the tendency towards loss of organization (high E) to an
increase in disorganization (low E). E is needed to maintain
organization (dorm or house).
ex: Food Web: respiration, heat
The E in our bodies is used to maintain our daily functions, that stored E is
potential E for another organism (bacteria, shark, buzzard). E flows through a
system starting with the sun. E from the sun is captured by plants (2%), then
transferred throughout the system. During this process E is going from one
organism to another, when something is consumed only 10% of its E is transferred
or used and 90% is lost as heat E from respiration.
That’s why it is better to be a vegetarian. They are more efficient consumers using
much more of the original energy in the system (its source is the sun).
2% 10% 10% 10%
plant 1o 2o 3o
90% 90% 90% 90%
Metabolic Reactions and Energy Transformations
metabolism – sum of all the reactions that occur in a cell
reactants – substances that participate in a reaction
products – substances that form as a result of a reaction
A + B → C + D
(reactants) (products)
free E – the amount of E availability
- if there is free E, reactions can occur spontaneously
exergonic reactions (release E – breaking a bond)
- breakdown of organized, complex reactants (high E) into disorganized
and simple products with a release of E (low Energy).
2
energy = the ability or capacity to do work
2 major types of energy:
kinetic E - E of movement
potential E - stored E
There are different forms of E:
- mechanical E = used to move around
- light E = see what you are doing
- heat E = maintain temperature
- chemical-bond E = energy stored in bonds that hold atoms together
- electrical E = motor on the vacuum cleaner
E can be changed into different forms of E
ex. Electrical E transformed into light E in a light bulb
A power plant does not make E, it just transforms it into something usable for
modern society.
Thermodynamics = the study of E transfer (2 laws)
First Law of Thermodynamics: sometimes referred to as the
Law of Conservation of Energy
- assuming E is not being introduced, the total amount of E is constant
E cannot be created or destroyed;
instead it is transformed from one form into another.
ex. Eating Food (chemical E being transformed into another chemical E
– ATP which is converted into potential E)
Second Law of Thermodynamics:
When energy is transformed one form into another, some useful energy
is always lost as heat; therefore, energy cannot be recycled.
Slamming a book on the desk - mechanical E → Sound and Heat E
E is converted from more useful form into less useful forms.
1
, - entropy: the tendency towards loss of organization (high E) to an
increase in disorganization (low E). E is needed to maintain
organization (dorm or house).
ex: Food Web: respiration, heat
The E in our bodies is used to maintain our daily functions, that stored E is
potential E for another organism (bacteria, shark, buzzard). E flows through a
system starting with the sun. E from the sun is captured by plants (2%), then
transferred throughout the system. During this process E is going from one
organism to another, when something is consumed only 10% of its E is transferred
or used and 90% is lost as heat E from respiration.
That’s why it is better to be a vegetarian. They are more efficient consumers using
much more of the original energy in the system (its source is the sun).
2% 10% 10% 10%
plant 1o 2o 3o
90% 90% 90% 90%
Metabolic Reactions and Energy Transformations
metabolism – sum of all the reactions that occur in a cell
reactants – substances that participate in a reaction
products – substances that form as a result of a reaction
A + B → C + D
(reactants) (products)
free E – the amount of E availability
- if there is free E, reactions can occur spontaneously
exergonic reactions (release E – breaking a bond)
- breakdown of organized, complex reactants (high E) into disorganized
and simple products with a release of E (low Energy).
2
