PATH 1000 MIDTERM 1
Dysplasia - ✔️✔️abnormal changes in the size, shape and organization of mature cells
(not considered a true adaptive process)
Is dysplasia the same thing as cancer? - ✔️✔️although dysplasia functions similar to
cancer and is often located next to cancerous growths, it doesn't indicate cancer and
may never progress to it
Five Progressive Changes of a Cell - ✔️✔️1. Atrophy
2. Hypertrophy
3. Hyperplasia
4. Metaplasia
5. Dysplasia
Transformation Zone - ✔️✔️merging site of the 2 types of cells
- common site for HPV changes
Cell Injury - ✔️✔️when a cell cannot maintain homeostasis
- cell injury can be reversible or irreversible
Idiopathic - ✔️✔️unknown cause of a disease
Iatrogenic - ✔️✔️disease caused by a treatment or procedure error
Epidemiology - ✔️✔️study of the distribution and determinants of health-related or
events in a population
Incidence - ✔️✔️rate of occurrence
Ex: number of new cases of a disease in a population over a specific period of time (1 in
3 may catch a disease)
Prevalence - ✔️✔️the number of people in a population who have the disease or
condition over a specific time period
Ex: 1 in 10 have the disease
Endemic - ✔️✔️the expected or normal incidence to a population or geographical area
Ex: chicken pox
,Epidemic - ✔️✔️dramatic increase in a condition to a large number of people at the
same time in a geographical area
Pandemic - ✔️✔️high numbers of a disease in various regions/across continents
Morbidity - ✔️✔️disease rates within a group
Mortality - ✔️✔️deaths that result from a particular disease in a population
Ex: death rate due to TB
Hypoxic Injury - ✔️✔️most common cause of cellular injury resulting in Ischemia
(reduced blood supply
Homeostasis - ✔️✔️the body's ability to regulate and maintain health and equilibrium in
its functions
Pathophysiology - ✔️✔️the study of changes in the body's physiology that result from
disorder or disease
Pathogenesis - ✔️✔️the development of a disease
Clinical Manifestations - ✔️✔️the presence or absence of disease often marked by
signs and symptoms
Diagnosis - ✔️✔️identifying the type of illness or problem by examination of the
symptoms
Etiology - ✔️✔️the cause of a disease or condition
How is homeostasis linked to pathophysiology? - ✔️✔️a small change to the internal
body throws homeostasis out of order, which will lead to illness and diseases
Prognosis - ✔️✔️probable outcome of a patient's conditon
Sign - ✔️✔️a clinical finding verified by the examiner
Primary Disease Prevention - ✔️✔️altering behaviours to prevent a disease from
occurring
Ex: vaccination
Secondary Disease Prevention - ✔️✔️performing early detection to prevent a disease
from occurring
, Ex: medical examinations
Complications - ✔️✔️the development of a disease in a person already coping with an
existing disorder
Ex: secondary bacterial infection
Sequelae - ✔️✔️unwanted outcomes of a primary condition
Ex: ototoxic drugs causing deafness
Eight Chief Cellular Function - ✔️✔️1. Movement - muscle to bone causes movement
2. Conductivity - electric response to stimuli
3. Metabolic Absorption - taking and using nutrients
4. Secretion - mucus
5. Excretion - getting rid of waste
6. Respiration - taking in O2 for nutrients
7. Reproduction - tissue growth
8. Communication
Four Ways Cells Adapt to Environment - ✔️✔️1. Atrophy - decrease in cellular size and
functional components (aging, early development)
2. Hypertrophy - increase in the size of a cell in response to a mechanical stimuli
3. Hyperplasia - the increase in the number of cells due to increased cellular division
- Compensatory Hyperplasia: an adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to
regenerate
- Hormonal Hyperplasia: enlargement of estrogen dependent organs (breasts/uterus)
4. Metaplasia - reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature
cell type (ex: smoking causes changes to lung cells)
When is a cell injury irreversible? - ✔️✔️once change to the nucleus occur and cell
membranes are disrupted will then lead to cell death
What causes hypoxic injury? - ✔️✔️hypoxia or lack of proficient oxygen within a cell
- loss of hemoglobin and decreased RBC production
What causes ischemia reperfusion injury? - ✔️✔️the restoration of blood flow and
oxygen to areas of the body recently suffering from ischemia
What does ischemia reperfusion injury cause? - ✔️✔️restoration of oxygen causes
inflammation & oxidative damage to tissue
Dysplasia - ✔️✔️abnormal changes in the size, shape and organization of mature cells
(not considered a true adaptive process)
Is dysplasia the same thing as cancer? - ✔️✔️although dysplasia functions similar to
cancer and is often located next to cancerous growths, it doesn't indicate cancer and
may never progress to it
Five Progressive Changes of a Cell - ✔️✔️1. Atrophy
2. Hypertrophy
3. Hyperplasia
4. Metaplasia
5. Dysplasia
Transformation Zone - ✔️✔️merging site of the 2 types of cells
- common site for HPV changes
Cell Injury - ✔️✔️when a cell cannot maintain homeostasis
- cell injury can be reversible or irreversible
Idiopathic - ✔️✔️unknown cause of a disease
Iatrogenic - ✔️✔️disease caused by a treatment or procedure error
Epidemiology - ✔️✔️study of the distribution and determinants of health-related or
events in a population
Incidence - ✔️✔️rate of occurrence
Ex: number of new cases of a disease in a population over a specific period of time (1 in
3 may catch a disease)
Prevalence - ✔️✔️the number of people in a population who have the disease or
condition over a specific time period
Ex: 1 in 10 have the disease
Endemic - ✔️✔️the expected or normal incidence to a population or geographical area
Ex: chicken pox
,Epidemic - ✔️✔️dramatic increase in a condition to a large number of people at the
same time in a geographical area
Pandemic - ✔️✔️high numbers of a disease in various regions/across continents
Morbidity - ✔️✔️disease rates within a group
Mortality - ✔️✔️deaths that result from a particular disease in a population
Ex: death rate due to TB
Hypoxic Injury - ✔️✔️most common cause of cellular injury resulting in Ischemia
(reduced blood supply
Homeostasis - ✔️✔️the body's ability to regulate and maintain health and equilibrium in
its functions
Pathophysiology - ✔️✔️the study of changes in the body's physiology that result from
disorder or disease
Pathogenesis - ✔️✔️the development of a disease
Clinical Manifestations - ✔️✔️the presence or absence of disease often marked by
signs and symptoms
Diagnosis - ✔️✔️identifying the type of illness or problem by examination of the
symptoms
Etiology - ✔️✔️the cause of a disease or condition
How is homeostasis linked to pathophysiology? - ✔️✔️a small change to the internal
body throws homeostasis out of order, which will lead to illness and diseases
Prognosis - ✔️✔️probable outcome of a patient's conditon
Sign - ✔️✔️a clinical finding verified by the examiner
Primary Disease Prevention - ✔️✔️altering behaviours to prevent a disease from
occurring
Ex: vaccination
Secondary Disease Prevention - ✔️✔️performing early detection to prevent a disease
from occurring
, Ex: medical examinations
Complications - ✔️✔️the development of a disease in a person already coping with an
existing disorder
Ex: secondary bacterial infection
Sequelae - ✔️✔️unwanted outcomes of a primary condition
Ex: ototoxic drugs causing deafness
Eight Chief Cellular Function - ✔️✔️1. Movement - muscle to bone causes movement
2. Conductivity - electric response to stimuli
3. Metabolic Absorption - taking and using nutrients
4. Secretion - mucus
5. Excretion - getting rid of waste
6. Respiration - taking in O2 for nutrients
7. Reproduction - tissue growth
8. Communication
Four Ways Cells Adapt to Environment - ✔️✔️1. Atrophy - decrease in cellular size and
functional components (aging, early development)
2. Hypertrophy - increase in the size of a cell in response to a mechanical stimuli
3. Hyperplasia - the increase in the number of cells due to increased cellular division
- Compensatory Hyperplasia: an adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to
regenerate
- Hormonal Hyperplasia: enlargement of estrogen dependent organs (breasts/uterus)
4. Metaplasia - reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature
cell type (ex: smoking causes changes to lung cells)
When is a cell injury irreversible? - ✔️✔️once change to the nucleus occur and cell
membranes are disrupted will then lead to cell death
What causes hypoxic injury? - ✔️✔️hypoxia or lack of proficient oxygen within a cell
- loss of hemoglobin and decreased RBC production
What causes ischemia reperfusion injury? - ✔️✔️the restoration of blood flow and
oxygen to areas of the body recently suffering from ischemia
What does ischemia reperfusion injury cause? - ✔️✔️restoration of oxygen causes
inflammation & oxidative damage to tissue
