bio457 Already Passed
Sexual reproduction modes - =gametes from 2 different parents, generates genetic diversity,
meiosis and fertilization thru mating, slower, requires more energy, allows for adaptation
asexual reproduction modes - =genetically identical offspring of single parent, no variation,
binary fission/budding/spore formation, faster bs no mating, less energy, no adaptations
costs of sexual reproduction - =energetic costs, time and resource investment, reduced offspring
production, environment conditions, risk of disease
1. Energetic costs - =sexual reproductions requires more energy than asexual reproduction
2. time and resource investment - =sexual reproductions involves search for mate, courtship and
formation of gametes which can be time consuming and resource extensive compared to asexual
3. reduced offspring production - =asexual reproduction has rapid and abundant offspring where
sexual reproduction has reduced offspring bc of energy expended
4. environment conditions - =sexual reproduction causes exposure to predators and
environmental challenges and asexual has reduced vulnerability due to not having to go out and
look for a mate
5. risk of disease - =sexual reproduction has increased risk of disease and disorders to
generations due to combination of two parents where asexual reproduction has reduced potential
for diseases unless from mutation
genetic diversity - =this is a benefit of sexual reproduction bc it enhances the adaptability of
populations to changing environments bc of the combination of genetic material from two
different parents
evolutionary success and adaptabilty - =benefit of sexual reproduction bc genetic diversity
enhances a population's ability to adapt to varying environmental conditions such as diseases,
, predation, or shifts in habitat, sexually reproducing populations have a greater likelihood of
producing individuals that will survive
resistance to disease - =benefit of sexual reproduction bc sexual reproduction plays a role in
maintaining a strong and diverse immune system in populations bc of recombination of genes
why is sexual reproduction widespread in animals compared to asexual ? - =-Has the ability to
generate genetic diversity essential for long-term evolutionary success.
-allows for the continual mixing of genetic material, giving a population tools to face challenges
in changing environment.
Muller's Ratchet - =process in asexual populations where the accumulation of deleterious
mutations, which are harmful or disadvantageous to an organism's fitness, occurs irreversibly
over time.
how does sexual reproduction help with Muller's Ratchet? - =recombination, natural selection,
and repair mechanisms counteract it by deleting or repairing mutations in genes
Red Queen Hypothesis - =sexual selection allows hosts to evolve at a rate that counters the rapid
evolution of parasites. The continuous adaptation and the maintenance of genetic diversity
facilitated by sexual reproduction help organisms stay ahead in the co-evolutionary arms race
against their rapidly evolving biological adversaries.
How can apparent benefits to the population be reconciled with evolutionary fitness of
individuals? - =Sexual reproduction benefits individuals by providing adaptability and reducing
competition among siblings. For populations, variable offspring enhance overall resilience,
resistance to diseases, and success in evolutionary arms races. Genetic diversity from sexual
reproduction contributes to both individual and group fitness.
parthenogenesis - =Asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized
eggs.
facultative asexual reproduction - =individuals can reproduce either by sexual reproduction or by
asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction modes - =gametes from 2 different parents, generates genetic diversity,
meiosis and fertilization thru mating, slower, requires more energy, allows for adaptation
asexual reproduction modes - =genetically identical offspring of single parent, no variation,
binary fission/budding/spore formation, faster bs no mating, less energy, no adaptations
costs of sexual reproduction - =energetic costs, time and resource investment, reduced offspring
production, environment conditions, risk of disease
1. Energetic costs - =sexual reproductions requires more energy than asexual reproduction
2. time and resource investment - =sexual reproductions involves search for mate, courtship and
formation of gametes which can be time consuming and resource extensive compared to asexual
3. reduced offspring production - =asexual reproduction has rapid and abundant offspring where
sexual reproduction has reduced offspring bc of energy expended
4. environment conditions - =sexual reproduction causes exposure to predators and
environmental challenges and asexual has reduced vulnerability due to not having to go out and
look for a mate
5. risk of disease - =sexual reproduction has increased risk of disease and disorders to
generations due to combination of two parents where asexual reproduction has reduced potential
for diseases unless from mutation
genetic diversity - =this is a benefit of sexual reproduction bc it enhances the adaptability of
populations to changing environments bc of the combination of genetic material from two
different parents
evolutionary success and adaptabilty - =benefit of sexual reproduction bc genetic diversity
enhances a population's ability to adapt to varying environmental conditions such as diseases,
, predation, or shifts in habitat, sexually reproducing populations have a greater likelihood of
producing individuals that will survive
resistance to disease - =benefit of sexual reproduction bc sexual reproduction plays a role in
maintaining a strong and diverse immune system in populations bc of recombination of genes
why is sexual reproduction widespread in animals compared to asexual ? - =-Has the ability to
generate genetic diversity essential for long-term evolutionary success.
-allows for the continual mixing of genetic material, giving a population tools to face challenges
in changing environment.
Muller's Ratchet - =process in asexual populations where the accumulation of deleterious
mutations, which are harmful or disadvantageous to an organism's fitness, occurs irreversibly
over time.
how does sexual reproduction help with Muller's Ratchet? - =recombination, natural selection,
and repair mechanisms counteract it by deleting or repairing mutations in genes
Red Queen Hypothesis - =sexual selection allows hosts to evolve at a rate that counters the rapid
evolution of parasites. The continuous adaptation and the maintenance of genetic diversity
facilitated by sexual reproduction help organisms stay ahead in the co-evolutionary arms race
against their rapidly evolving biological adversaries.
How can apparent benefits to the population be reconciled with evolutionary fitness of
individuals? - =Sexual reproduction benefits individuals by providing adaptability and reducing
competition among siblings. For populations, variable offspring enhance overall resilience,
resistance to diseases, and success in evolutionary arms races. Genetic diversity from sexual
reproduction contributes to both individual and group fitness.
parthenogenesis - =Asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized
eggs.
facultative asexual reproduction - =individuals can reproduce either by sexual reproduction or by
asexual reproduction
