NR 507 LATEST EXAM FINAL 2024/2025 QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED CORRECT
ANSWERS/ ALREADY GRADED A++
Menstruation is followed by - ANSWER proliferative phase
Ovulation - ANSWER The release of an ovum from a mature follicle and
marks the beginning of the luteal/secretory phase of the menstrual cycle.
The ovarian follicle begins its transformation into a corpus luteum hence
the name luteal phase.
Uterine prolapse - ANSWER Descent of the cervix or entire uterus into the
vaginal canal
testicular cancer risk factors - ANSWER cryptochordism
Symptoms that require evaluation for breast cancer - ANSWER Dimpling of
the skin, Nipple discharge in a nonlactating woman
Signs of premenstrual dysphoric disorder - ANSWER Sex steroids also
interact with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which
explains some PMS/PMDD signs and symptoms (e.g., water retention,
bloating, weight gain).
-Emotional symptoms, à depression, anger, irritability, and fatigue, have
been reported as the most prominent and the most distressing
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding - ANSWER heavy or irregular bleeding
dysfunctional uterine bleeding treatment - ANSWER NSAIDs- first line of
treatment (reduce prostaglandin
prevention of prostate cancer - ANSWER o Less meat (especially red meat
= iron), fat (cook meat at high temp)
o Less milk
o More fruits and veggies (tomatoes and broccoli)
o No Western diet (proinflammatory)
o Keep BMI within range
Vitamin E (prevention = antioxidant, from egg yolk, nuts, oil), Vitamin D,
green tea (antioxidant)
,HPV and the development of cervical cancer - ANSWER cervical cancer is
almost exclusively caused by cervical human papillomavirus (HPV)
infection
Causes of hypoparathyroidism - ANSWER most commonly caused by
damage to or removal of the parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery due
to anatomic proximity of the parathyroid glands to the thyroid
Thyroxine function - ANSWER increases ATP production, increases
BP/HR, stimulates bones to make more red blood cells, brain stimulation
(mood, energy)
systemic symptoms of thyroid storm - ANSWER · hyperthermia;
tachycardia (especially atrial tachydysrhythmias) high-output heart failure;
agitation/delirium; & nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea, contributing to fluid
volume depletion.
Dermatomes - ANSWER specific areas of cutaneous (skin) innervation at
these spinal cord segments are called dermatomes
Substance release at the synapse - ANSWER Neurotransmitters diffuse
across the synaptic cleft (the space between the neurons) and bind to
specific receptors on postsynaptic neurons, where they trigger an action
potential in the postsynaptic neuron
Spondylolysis - ANSWER can be hereditary
Location of the motor and sensory areas of the brain - ANSWER - Cranial
nerves control motor and sensory function similarly to spinal nerves, but
also can have specialized sensory tasks, such as smell, taste, sight, and
hearing
- PNS :divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous
system.
· The somatic nervous system consists of motor and sensory pathways
regulating voluntary motor control of skeletal muscle.
· The autonomic nervous system (ANS) also consists of motor and sensory
components and is involved with regulation of the body's internal
environment (viscera) through involuntary control of organ systems.
,Agnosia - ANSWER defect of pattern recognition—a failure to recognize
the form and nature of objects
Most common cause of meningitis - ANSWER Meningococcus (Neisseria
meningitidis) and pneumococcus (Streptococcus pneumoniae) are the
most common pathogens -> strep throat
Diet and the prevention of prostate cancer - ANSWER Mediterranean diet
(MD) has been shown to reduce risk and progression of disease including
cancers
Total fat intake, animal and saturated fat, red meat, and dairy products are
associated with an increase in prostate cancer risk
Transcription - ANSWER process by which RNA is synthesized from a
DNA template
Down Syndrome - ANSWER trisomy 21
Klinefelter syndrome - ANSWER Individuals with at least two X
chromosomes and a Y chromosome in each cell > XXY
multifactorial trait - ANSWER When environmental factors are also believed
to cause variation in the trait
Neurofibromatosis - benign nerve sheath tumors - ANSWER autosomal
dominant disease
Ions that initiate muscle contraction - ANSWER calcium combines with
troponin
physeal plate - ANSWER retains the ability to form and calcify new
cartilage and deposit bone until the skeleton matures approximately 1 year
after sexual maturity
Bones belonging to the appendicular skeleton - ANSWER · the shoulder
girdle (pectoral girdle)
Signs and Symptoms of infection - ANSWER fever, tachycardia,
hypotension, septic shock, toxic shock, hypovolemia, respiratory alkalosis,
and hyperventilation, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and DIC
, Mechanisms responsible for the increase in antimicrobial resistance
worldwide (9) - ANSWER Antibiotic resistance, horizontal gene transfer,
Genetic information can be transferred by means of transformation (uptake
of short DNA fragments from the environment), by transduction (transfer of
DNA by means of viruses that infect bacteria, bacteriophages), or by
conjugation (transfer of DNA, usually in the form of circular plasmids,
through pili connecting the bacteria).
-A single plasmid may contain a large amount of genetic information for
multiple types of antibiotic resistance.
- Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotics is one of the most common forms of
resistance
-Another major form of antibiotic resistance is caused by multi-drug-
resistance transporters (MDRs). MDRs are members of a diverse and
widely expressed family of transmembrane proteins that are designed to
protect the cell by diminishing the rate of intracellular accumulation of
antimicrobials by preventing entrance or, more commonly, increasing active
efflux of the antibiotic.
- Antimicrobial resistance occurs naturally overtime, usually through
genetics. However, the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials is
accelerating this process. In many places antibiotics are overused and
misused. Example of misuse include they are taken by people with viral
infections such as the flu. Poor infection control, inadequate sanitary
conditions and inappropriate food handling encourage the spread of
antimicrobial resistance.
- Overuse of antibiotics leads to the destruction of the normal microbiome,
allowing the selective overgrowth of antibiotic-resistant strains or
pathogens that had previously been kept under control.
- Lack of compliance in completing a therapeutic antibiotic regimen allows
the selective resurgence of microorganisms that are more relatively
resistant to the antibiotic.
Functions of normal flora in the body - ANSWER The normal bacterial flora
provides protection by releasing chemicals that prevent colonization by
pathogens.
The good flora trains the adaptive immune system by growth of gut-
associated lymphoid tissue (where cells of adaptive immunity reside).
Desensitization therapy - ANSWER the production of large amounts of so-
called blocking antibodies, usually circulating IgG. A blocking antibody
VERIFIED CORRECT
ANSWERS/ ALREADY GRADED A++
Menstruation is followed by - ANSWER proliferative phase
Ovulation - ANSWER The release of an ovum from a mature follicle and
marks the beginning of the luteal/secretory phase of the menstrual cycle.
The ovarian follicle begins its transformation into a corpus luteum hence
the name luteal phase.
Uterine prolapse - ANSWER Descent of the cervix or entire uterus into the
vaginal canal
testicular cancer risk factors - ANSWER cryptochordism
Symptoms that require evaluation for breast cancer - ANSWER Dimpling of
the skin, Nipple discharge in a nonlactating woman
Signs of premenstrual dysphoric disorder - ANSWER Sex steroids also
interact with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which
explains some PMS/PMDD signs and symptoms (e.g., water retention,
bloating, weight gain).
-Emotional symptoms, à depression, anger, irritability, and fatigue, have
been reported as the most prominent and the most distressing
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding - ANSWER heavy or irregular bleeding
dysfunctional uterine bleeding treatment - ANSWER NSAIDs- first line of
treatment (reduce prostaglandin
prevention of prostate cancer - ANSWER o Less meat (especially red meat
= iron), fat (cook meat at high temp)
o Less milk
o More fruits and veggies (tomatoes and broccoli)
o No Western diet (proinflammatory)
o Keep BMI within range
Vitamin E (prevention = antioxidant, from egg yolk, nuts, oil), Vitamin D,
green tea (antioxidant)
,HPV and the development of cervical cancer - ANSWER cervical cancer is
almost exclusively caused by cervical human papillomavirus (HPV)
infection
Causes of hypoparathyroidism - ANSWER most commonly caused by
damage to or removal of the parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery due
to anatomic proximity of the parathyroid glands to the thyroid
Thyroxine function - ANSWER increases ATP production, increases
BP/HR, stimulates bones to make more red blood cells, brain stimulation
(mood, energy)
systemic symptoms of thyroid storm - ANSWER · hyperthermia;
tachycardia (especially atrial tachydysrhythmias) high-output heart failure;
agitation/delirium; & nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea, contributing to fluid
volume depletion.
Dermatomes - ANSWER specific areas of cutaneous (skin) innervation at
these spinal cord segments are called dermatomes
Substance release at the synapse - ANSWER Neurotransmitters diffuse
across the synaptic cleft (the space between the neurons) and bind to
specific receptors on postsynaptic neurons, where they trigger an action
potential in the postsynaptic neuron
Spondylolysis - ANSWER can be hereditary
Location of the motor and sensory areas of the brain - ANSWER - Cranial
nerves control motor and sensory function similarly to spinal nerves, but
also can have specialized sensory tasks, such as smell, taste, sight, and
hearing
- PNS :divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous
system.
· The somatic nervous system consists of motor and sensory pathways
regulating voluntary motor control of skeletal muscle.
· The autonomic nervous system (ANS) also consists of motor and sensory
components and is involved with regulation of the body's internal
environment (viscera) through involuntary control of organ systems.
,Agnosia - ANSWER defect of pattern recognition—a failure to recognize
the form and nature of objects
Most common cause of meningitis - ANSWER Meningococcus (Neisseria
meningitidis) and pneumococcus (Streptococcus pneumoniae) are the
most common pathogens -> strep throat
Diet and the prevention of prostate cancer - ANSWER Mediterranean diet
(MD) has been shown to reduce risk and progression of disease including
cancers
Total fat intake, animal and saturated fat, red meat, and dairy products are
associated with an increase in prostate cancer risk
Transcription - ANSWER process by which RNA is synthesized from a
DNA template
Down Syndrome - ANSWER trisomy 21
Klinefelter syndrome - ANSWER Individuals with at least two X
chromosomes and a Y chromosome in each cell > XXY
multifactorial trait - ANSWER When environmental factors are also believed
to cause variation in the trait
Neurofibromatosis - benign nerve sheath tumors - ANSWER autosomal
dominant disease
Ions that initiate muscle contraction - ANSWER calcium combines with
troponin
physeal plate - ANSWER retains the ability to form and calcify new
cartilage and deposit bone until the skeleton matures approximately 1 year
after sexual maturity
Bones belonging to the appendicular skeleton - ANSWER · the shoulder
girdle (pectoral girdle)
Signs and Symptoms of infection - ANSWER fever, tachycardia,
hypotension, septic shock, toxic shock, hypovolemia, respiratory alkalosis,
and hyperventilation, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and DIC
, Mechanisms responsible for the increase in antimicrobial resistance
worldwide (9) - ANSWER Antibiotic resistance, horizontal gene transfer,
Genetic information can be transferred by means of transformation (uptake
of short DNA fragments from the environment), by transduction (transfer of
DNA by means of viruses that infect bacteria, bacteriophages), or by
conjugation (transfer of DNA, usually in the form of circular plasmids,
through pili connecting the bacteria).
-A single plasmid may contain a large amount of genetic information for
multiple types of antibiotic resistance.
- Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotics is one of the most common forms of
resistance
-Another major form of antibiotic resistance is caused by multi-drug-
resistance transporters (MDRs). MDRs are members of a diverse and
widely expressed family of transmembrane proteins that are designed to
protect the cell by diminishing the rate of intracellular accumulation of
antimicrobials by preventing entrance or, more commonly, increasing active
efflux of the antibiotic.
- Antimicrobial resistance occurs naturally overtime, usually through
genetics. However, the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials is
accelerating this process. In many places antibiotics are overused and
misused. Example of misuse include they are taken by people with viral
infections such as the flu. Poor infection control, inadequate sanitary
conditions and inappropriate food handling encourage the spread of
antimicrobial resistance.
- Overuse of antibiotics leads to the destruction of the normal microbiome,
allowing the selective overgrowth of antibiotic-resistant strains or
pathogens that had previously been kept under control.
- Lack of compliance in completing a therapeutic antibiotic regimen allows
the selective resurgence of microorganisms that are more relatively
resistant to the antibiotic.
Functions of normal flora in the body - ANSWER The normal bacterial flora
provides protection by releasing chemicals that prevent colonization by
pathogens.
The good flora trains the adaptive immune system by growth of gut-
associated lymphoid tissue (where cells of adaptive immunity reside).
Desensitization therapy - ANSWER the production of large amounts of so-
called blocking antibodies, usually circulating IgG. A blocking antibody
