BIO 255
BIOS 255 Anatomy and Physiology
Comprehensive Exam with Verified
Answers 2025
Function of nervous system - Correct Ans--Control of body's internal environment to
maintain 'homeostasis'
-Programming of spinal cord reflexes
-Memory and learning
-Voluntary control of movement
Positive & negative feedback - Correct Ans-A positive feedback loop causes a self-
amplifying cycle where a physiological change leads to even greater change in the
same direction.
A negative feedback loop is a process in which the body senses a change, and
activates mechanisms to reverse that change.
The name of the joint in the ankle - Correct Ans-talocrural joint
characteristics of epithelial tissue - Correct Ans-cellularity, polarity, attachment,
vascularity, regeneration
Properties of synovial joints - Correct Ans-**Hyaline cartilage, joint capsule, synovial
membrane, synovial fluid, ligaments**
-Involve movement between joints
The surface of the joint is covered by a fluid filled capsule.
-The synovial fluid is trapped under the synovial membrane and acts as a lubricant
between the bones.
-Cartilage at the ends of the bone acts as a cushion and shock absorber.
3 protein fibers in connective tissues - Correct Ans-collagenous fibers, elastic fibers,
and reticular fibers.
chondroitin sulfate - Correct Ans-provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone,
skin, and blood vessels
Sacrum— illium - Correct Ans-answer
Keratin - Correct Ans-A fiber protein that is the principal component of hair, skin, and
nails
Sweat glands location and function - Correct Ans-Eccrine glands: help to maintain
homoeostasis, primarily by stabilizing body temperature. Smaller glands and excretes
on top of skin ((feet, forehead, cheeks)
1|Page
, BIO 255
Apocrine glands: continuously secrete a fatty sweat into the gland tubule. ((armpit,
groin, nipple area)
Hard palate bone - Correct Ans--formed by maxilla and palatine bones
The shaft of the bone is called - Correct Ans-End-> Epiphysis
Middle/shaft -->>diaphysis
Articular process of bone - Correct Ans-limits rotation
What happens during osteoclasts - Correct Ans-Osteoclasts are responsible for aged
bone resorption
osteoBlasts are responsible for new bone formation
5 steps of endochondral ossification - Correct Ans-1. Chondrocytes enlarge and matrix
begins to calcify
2. Bone formation starts at the shaft surface
3. Blood vessels invade inner region of cartilage
4. Osteoclasts begin to break down spongy bone in center
5. Centers of the epiphyses begin to calcify
Smallest unit (fiber) in skeletal muscle - Correct Ans-Sarcomere
Steps that occur during muscle contraction - Correct Ans-1)Action potential generated,
which stimulates muscle
2)Ca2+ released
3)Ca2+ binds to troponin, shifting the actin filaments, which exposes binding sites
4)Myosin cross bridges attach & detach, pulling actin filaments toward center (requires
ATP)
5)Muscle contracts
6)Ca2+ removed, which shifts actin filaments to original position, blocking binding sites
7)Muscle contraction stops
action potential triggering - Correct Ans--occurs when a neuron sends information down
an axon, away from the cell body.
1. At rest, voltage-gated Na+ and K + gates are closed.
2. Chemical or mechanical stimulus causes a graded potential to reach at least (-55mV
or threshold) This is "depolarization"2. Voltage-gated Na+ channels open and Na+
rushes into cell
3. Only a total of 20,000 Na+ actually enter the cell, but they change the membrane
potential considerably (up to +30mV)
muscle stimulation - Correct Ans-A Muscle Contraction Is Triggered When an Action
Potential Travels Along the Nerves to the Muscles. Muscle contraction begins when the
nervous system generates a signal. The signal, an impulse called an action potential,
travels through a type of nerve cell called a motor neuron.
2|Page
BIOS 255 Anatomy and Physiology
Comprehensive Exam with Verified
Answers 2025
Function of nervous system - Correct Ans--Control of body's internal environment to
maintain 'homeostasis'
-Programming of spinal cord reflexes
-Memory and learning
-Voluntary control of movement
Positive & negative feedback - Correct Ans-A positive feedback loop causes a self-
amplifying cycle where a physiological change leads to even greater change in the
same direction.
A negative feedback loop is a process in which the body senses a change, and
activates mechanisms to reverse that change.
The name of the joint in the ankle - Correct Ans-talocrural joint
characteristics of epithelial tissue - Correct Ans-cellularity, polarity, attachment,
vascularity, regeneration
Properties of synovial joints - Correct Ans-**Hyaline cartilage, joint capsule, synovial
membrane, synovial fluid, ligaments**
-Involve movement between joints
The surface of the joint is covered by a fluid filled capsule.
-The synovial fluid is trapped under the synovial membrane and acts as a lubricant
between the bones.
-Cartilage at the ends of the bone acts as a cushion and shock absorber.
3 protein fibers in connective tissues - Correct Ans-collagenous fibers, elastic fibers,
and reticular fibers.
chondroitin sulfate - Correct Ans-provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone,
skin, and blood vessels
Sacrum— illium - Correct Ans-answer
Keratin - Correct Ans-A fiber protein that is the principal component of hair, skin, and
nails
Sweat glands location and function - Correct Ans-Eccrine glands: help to maintain
homoeostasis, primarily by stabilizing body temperature. Smaller glands and excretes
on top of skin ((feet, forehead, cheeks)
1|Page
, BIO 255
Apocrine glands: continuously secrete a fatty sweat into the gland tubule. ((armpit,
groin, nipple area)
Hard palate bone - Correct Ans--formed by maxilla and palatine bones
The shaft of the bone is called - Correct Ans-End-> Epiphysis
Middle/shaft -->>diaphysis
Articular process of bone - Correct Ans-limits rotation
What happens during osteoclasts - Correct Ans-Osteoclasts are responsible for aged
bone resorption
osteoBlasts are responsible for new bone formation
5 steps of endochondral ossification - Correct Ans-1. Chondrocytes enlarge and matrix
begins to calcify
2. Bone formation starts at the shaft surface
3. Blood vessels invade inner region of cartilage
4. Osteoclasts begin to break down spongy bone in center
5. Centers of the epiphyses begin to calcify
Smallest unit (fiber) in skeletal muscle - Correct Ans-Sarcomere
Steps that occur during muscle contraction - Correct Ans-1)Action potential generated,
which stimulates muscle
2)Ca2+ released
3)Ca2+ binds to troponin, shifting the actin filaments, which exposes binding sites
4)Myosin cross bridges attach & detach, pulling actin filaments toward center (requires
ATP)
5)Muscle contracts
6)Ca2+ removed, which shifts actin filaments to original position, blocking binding sites
7)Muscle contraction stops
action potential triggering - Correct Ans--occurs when a neuron sends information down
an axon, away from the cell body.
1. At rest, voltage-gated Na+ and K + gates are closed.
2. Chemical or mechanical stimulus causes a graded potential to reach at least (-55mV
or threshold) This is "depolarization"2. Voltage-gated Na+ channels open and Na+
rushes into cell
3. Only a total of 20,000 Na+ actually enter the cell, but they change the membrane
potential considerably (up to +30mV)
muscle stimulation - Correct Ans-A Muscle Contraction Is Triggered When an Action
Potential Travels Along the Nerves to the Muscles. Muscle contraction begins when the
nervous system generates a signal. The signal, an impulse called an action potential,
travels through a type of nerve cell called a motor neuron.
2|Page
