©THESTAR 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 12:54PM.
Georgette Module 3 Exam Questions And
Answers 2025 Update.
What is a decreased effect of the same dose of a medication over time?
Tolerance
Ex. taking 2 pills of ibuprofen over a period of time so now needing to take 3 pills to achieve the
same effect
What is it called when there is a tendency of some regions of the brain to react to repeated
LOW level bioelectrical stimulation by progressively boosting synaptic discharges thereby
lowering seizure thresholds?
Kindling
Kindling explanation/definition
Process of neuronal membrane threshold sensitivity dysfunction
-D/t sub-threshold brain stimulation
-Brain is overly sensitive to electrical stimuli
-Neuronal misfiring (occurs w/o stimuli)
Kindling in the context of mood D/O recurrence
Repeated episodes of mood D/Os lead to greater susceptibility to future episodes (repeated
decline with repeated episodes- Ex. When someone has a psych disorder, each time they
relapse, it may be harder to get them back up to their baseline)
3 types of ADHD
Inattention
Hyperactivity/impulsivity
Combined type
Dx criteria for ADHD (all 3 types)
-Hyperactivity type, Inattentive type= 6 for children under 17, 5 for 17+/adults
-Combined type
1
,©THESTAR 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 12:54PM.
-6 MONTHS
-BEFORE AGE 12
-****2+ SETTINGS*****
Inattentive ADHD criteria symptoms
"If Unmotivated, Dig Deep Down And Find Lost Drive"
a) Inattention to detail/careless mistakes
b) Unable to maintain sustained attention
c) Difficulty listening when spoken to
d) Difficulty following directions
e) Disorganized
f) Avoids sustained mental effort
g) Forgetful
h) Loses things
i) Distractible
Hyperactivity ADHD Criteria symptoms
"Fix Difficulty Running Down On Treadmill By Doing Intervals"
a) Fidgets
b) Difficultly remaining seated
c) Runs or climbs excessively (feelings restless in adolescents or adults)
d) Difficulty engaging quietly
e) "On the go"; "Driven by a motor"
f) Talks excessively
g) Blurts out answers
h) Difficulty waiting turn
i) Interrupts or intrudes
Basal Ganglia function
-Motor initiation and control
-Muscle tone, posture, common reflexes
-Executive function
-Emotions
Brain Abnormalities Etiology of ADHD
Abnormalities in fronto-subcortical pathway AKA the Frontal cortex, Basal Ganglia, RAS
RAS (reticular activating system)
Regulates arousal and sleep-wake transitions, ability to focus, fight-flight response
What neurotransmitter abnormalities are seen in ADHD??
Neurotransmitters= *DNS(DA, NE, 5HT)*
2
, ©THESTAR 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 12:54PM.
AD
Stimulants for ADHD include and what ages are they approved for??
Adderall/dextroamphetamine+amphetamine (3 and up)
Methylphenidate (6 and up)
What should you assess prior to giving a stimulant for ADHD? why??
Cardiac hx because they can cause elevated HR & BP, increase risk of MI/CVA/Aneurysm
rupture
Amphetamines are approved for what age??
**age 3 and older**
Methylphenidate is approved for what age??
*age 6 and older*
If ADHD med is wearing off too soon, what should you do?****
Multiple dosing or change to extended release******
Non-stimulants for ADHD include
1. Alpha2 agonists= *Clonidine & Guanfacine* (approved ages 6-17 w/ ADHD)
2. Straterra (atomoxetine) approved for >/= 6yr (NE reuptake inhibitor --> inc. NE & DA in PFC)
Alpha2-agonists FDA approved for ADHD and at what age
Guanfacine & Clonidine
ages 6-17 with confirmed dx
Straterra (Atomoxetine) is approved for what age in ADHD
ages 6+ with ADHD
**Know* that for children <6 years old, what to give for ADHD
Adderall (FDA approved for ages 3+)
*Know* what to give when children turn 6 for ADHD
Methylphenidate (FDA approved for ages 6+)
AD
DNS stands for and what is it??
DA, NE, 5HT
(abnormalities in ADHD and some others)
If choosing between Guanfacine & Clonidine for ADHD, which should you choose on the test??
why?
3
Georgette Module 3 Exam Questions And
Answers 2025 Update.
What is a decreased effect of the same dose of a medication over time?
Tolerance
Ex. taking 2 pills of ibuprofen over a period of time so now needing to take 3 pills to achieve the
same effect
What is it called when there is a tendency of some regions of the brain to react to repeated
LOW level bioelectrical stimulation by progressively boosting synaptic discharges thereby
lowering seizure thresholds?
Kindling
Kindling explanation/definition
Process of neuronal membrane threshold sensitivity dysfunction
-D/t sub-threshold brain stimulation
-Brain is overly sensitive to electrical stimuli
-Neuronal misfiring (occurs w/o stimuli)
Kindling in the context of mood D/O recurrence
Repeated episodes of mood D/Os lead to greater susceptibility to future episodes (repeated
decline with repeated episodes- Ex. When someone has a psych disorder, each time they
relapse, it may be harder to get them back up to their baseline)
3 types of ADHD
Inattention
Hyperactivity/impulsivity
Combined type
Dx criteria for ADHD (all 3 types)
-Hyperactivity type, Inattentive type= 6 for children under 17, 5 for 17+/adults
-Combined type
1
,©THESTAR 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 12:54PM.
-6 MONTHS
-BEFORE AGE 12
-****2+ SETTINGS*****
Inattentive ADHD criteria symptoms
"If Unmotivated, Dig Deep Down And Find Lost Drive"
a) Inattention to detail/careless mistakes
b) Unable to maintain sustained attention
c) Difficulty listening when spoken to
d) Difficulty following directions
e) Disorganized
f) Avoids sustained mental effort
g) Forgetful
h) Loses things
i) Distractible
Hyperactivity ADHD Criteria symptoms
"Fix Difficulty Running Down On Treadmill By Doing Intervals"
a) Fidgets
b) Difficultly remaining seated
c) Runs or climbs excessively (feelings restless in adolescents or adults)
d) Difficulty engaging quietly
e) "On the go"; "Driven by a motor"
f) Talks excessively
g) Blurts out answers
h) Difficulty waiting turn
i) Interrupts or intrudes
Basal Ganglia function
-Motor initiation and control
-Muscle tone, posture, common reflexes
-Executive function
-Emotions
Brain Abnormalities Etiology of ADHD
Abnormalities in fronto-subcortical pathway AKA the Frontal cortex, Basal Ganglia, RAS
RAS (reticular activating system)
Regulates arousal and sleep-wake transitions, ability to focus, fight-flight response
What neurotransmitter abnormalities are seen in ADHD??
Neurotransmitters= *DNS(DA, NE, 5HT)*
2
, ©THESTAR 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 12:54PM.
AD
Stimulants for ADHD include and what ages are they approved for??
Adderall/dextroamphetamine+amphetamine (3 and up)
Methylphenidate (6 and up)
What should you assess prior to giving a stimulant for ADHD? why??
Cardiac hx because they can cause elevated HR & BP, increase risk of MI/CVA/Aneurysm
rupture
Amphetamines are approved for what age??
**age 3 and older**
Methylphenidate is approved for what age??
*age 6 and older*
If ADHD med is wearing off too soon, what should you do?****
Multiple dosing or change to extended release******
Non-stimulants for ADHD include
1. Alpha2 agonists= *Clonidine & Guanfacine* (approved ages 6-17 w/ ADHD)
2. Straterra (atomoxetine) approved for >/= 6yr (NE reuptake inhibitor --> inc. NE & DA in PFC)
Alpha2-agonists FDA approved for ADHD and at what age
Guanfacine & Clonidine
ages 6-17 with confirmed dx
Straterra (Atomoxetine) is approved for what age in ADHD
ages 6+ with ADHD
**Know* that for children <6 years old, what to give for ADHD
Adderall (FDA approved for ages 3+)
*Know* what to give when children turn 6 for ADHD
Methylphenidate (FDA approved for ages 6+)
AD
DNS stands for and what is it??
DA, NE, 5HT
(abnormalities in ADHD and some others)
If choosing between Guanfacine & Clonidine for ADHD, which should you choose on the test??
why?
3
