Kaiser EKG Test
depolarization - answer- inside of cell becomes positive, outside negative
- contraction
- na+ channel opens
- ELECTRICAL
repolarization - answer movement of cells = inside is negative again
- na+ channels close, k+ channels open
- MECHANICAL
p wave
qrs wave
t wave - answer- (p) atrial depolarization
- (qrs) ventricular depolarization
- (t) ventricular repolarization
refractory period - answer per of time where cardiac cells cannot respond to stimulus
absolute refractory period - answer beginning of qrs to peak of t wave
relative refractory (vulnerable per of repolarization) - answer- cardiac cells have
repolarized enough to respond to strong stimulus
- during this per a strong stimulus may overtake the pacemaker of the heart
- ex. PVC during vulnerable period may turn into vtach or torsades
- prolonged QT interval inc possibility
causes of prolonged qt intervals - answerhaldol, bradycardia, hypokalemia
automaticity - answerability of pacemaker cells to initiate electrical impulse
excitability - answerability of muscle cells to respond to outside stimulus
conductivity - answerability to recieve electrical stimulus and conduct impulse to
adjacent cells
contraction - answercardiac cells shorten = muscular contraction in response to
electrical stimulus
sa node - answer- primary pacemaker of heart
- 60-90 bpm
av node - answerdelay = atrial contraction + ventricular filling
, - 40-60 bpm
bundle of his - answerability to self initiate electrical activity
- 40-60 bpm
purkinje fibers - answernetwork of fibers that carry electrical impulse to ventricular
muscle cells
- 20-40 bpm
NSR
Brady
Tachy
SVT
Junctional
Ventricular rhythm - answerNSR 60-100
Brady 40-60
Tachy >100
SVT >150
Junctional 40-60
Ventricular rhythm 20 - 40
PR interval - answer0.12-0.20
beginning of p to beginning of qrs
qrs interval - answer< 0.12
beginning of q to end of s
qt interval - answerbeginning of q to end of t
- heart rate dependent
is rhythm regular or irregular - answermeasure interval between R waves
ventricular rate - answer- count # of qrs complexes
atrial rate - answer- count # of p waves
causes of bradycardia - answer- vagal
- dig, beta blockers
- compensatory response in acute MI
- ischemic heart disease
- sick sinus. synd
- inc intracranial pressure
bradycardia symptoms - answerhypotension, AMS, signs of shock, ischemic chest
discomfort, HF
depolarization - answer- inside of cell becomes positive, outside negative
- contraction
- na+ channel opens
- ELECTRICAL
repolarization - answer movement of cells = inside is negative again
- na+ channels close, k+ channels open
- MECHANICAL
p wave
qrs wave
t wave - answer- (p) atrial depolarization
- (qrs) ventricular depolarization
- (t) ventricular repolarization
refractory period - answer per of time where cardiac cells cannot respond to stimulus
absolute refractory period - answer beginning of qrs to peak of t wave
relative refractory (vulnerable per of repolarization) - answer- cardiac cells have
repolarized enough to respond to strong stimulus
- during this per a strong stimulus may overtake the pacemaker of the heart
- ex. PVC during vulnerable period may turn into vtach or torsades
- prolonged QT interval inc possibility
causes of prolonged qt intervals - answerhaldol, bradycardia, hypokalemia
automaticity - answerability of pacemaker cells to initiate electrical impulse
excitability - answerability of muscle cells to respond to outside stimulus
conductivity - answerability to recieve electrical stimulus and conduct impulse to
adjacent cells
contraction - answercardiac cells shorten = muscular contraction in response to
electrical stimulus
sa node - answer- primary pacemaker of heart
- 60-90 bpm
av node - answerdelay = atrial contraction + ventricular filling
, - 40-60 bpm
bundle of his - answerability to self initiate electrical activity
- 40-60 bpm
purkinje fibers - answernetwork of fibers that carry electrical impulse to ventricular
muscle cells
- 20-40 bpm
NSR
Brady
Tachy
SVT
Junctional
Ventricular rhythm - answerNSR 60-100
Brady 40-60
Tachy >100
SVT >150
Junctional 40-60
Ventricular rhythm 20 - 40
PR interval - answer0.12-0.20
beginning of p to beginning of qrs
qrs interval - answer< 0.12
beginning of q to end of s
qt interval - answerbeginning of q to end of t
- heart rate dependent
is rhythm regular or irregular - answermeasure interval between R waves
ventricular rate - answer- count # of qrs complexes
atrial rate - answer- count # of p waves
causes of bradycardia - answer- vagal
- dig, beta blockers
- compensatory response in acute MI
- ischemic heart disease
- sick sinus. synd
- inc intracranial pressure
bradycardia symptoms - answerhypotension, AMS, signs of shock, ischemic chest
discomfort, HF
