NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology
Questions and answers 2025
Ovarian .cancer .site .of .metastasis? .- .ANS✓✓-Peritoneal .surfaces, .omentum
.(fold .of .peritoneum .connecting .the .stomach .with .other .abdominal .organs),
.*liver*
The .increased .NADH/NAD+ .ratio .in .the .liver .from .ethanol .causes: .- .ANS✓✓-1.
.Pyruvate .--> .lactic .acid, .causing .lactic .acidosis
2. .Oxaloacetate .--> .malate. .This .prevents .gluconeogenesis .and .leads .to
.hypoglycemia
3. .Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate .--> .glycerol .3- .phosphate .and .combines .with
.fatty .acids .to .form .triglycerides .in .the .liver, .known .as .hepatosteatosis
4. .Decreases .citric .acid .cycle .production .of .NADH .and .leads .to .using .Acetyl-
CoA .for .ketogenesis .and .lipogenesis
What .can .Reactive .Oxygen .Species .cause? .- .ANS✓✓-Heart .disease,
.Alzheimers, .Parkinsons, .Amyotrophic .Lateral .Sclerosis .(ALS), .CV .disease, .HTN,
.HLD, .DM, .ischemic .heart .disease, .HF, .OSA. .Lipid .perioxidation, .damage
.proteins, .fragment .DNA, .less .*protein .synthesis*, .chromatin .destruction,
.damage .mitochondria
What .is .the .body's .defense .against .ROS? .- .ANS✓✓-Antioxidants .(Vitamin .E,
.Vitamin .C, .cysteine, .glutathione, .albumin, .ceruloplasmin, .transferrin)
How .are .free .radicals .produced? .- .ANS✓✓-1. .Normal .cellular .respiration
2. .Absorption .of .extreme .energy .sources .(radiation, .UV .light)
3. .Metabolism .of .exogenous .chemicals, .drugs, .and .pesticides
4. .Transition .of .metals
5. .Nitric .oxide .acting .like .a .chemical .mediator .and .a .free .radical
action .potential .- .ANS✓✓-Process .of .conducting .an .impulse. .Activates .the
.neuron .--> .the .neuron .depolarizes .--> .then .repolarizes
Threshold .potential .- .ANS✓✓-Point .at .which .depolarization .must .reach .in .order
.to .initiate .an .action .potential
, Hypokalemia .and .action .potentials .- .ANS✓✓-HYPERpolarized .(more .negative,
.ex. .-100). .Less .excitable. .Decreased .neuromuscular .excitability: .weakness,
.smooth .muscle .atony, .paresthesia, .cardiac .dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia .and .action .potentials .- .ANS✓✓-HYPOpolarized .(more .positive,
.ex: .closer .to .0). .More .excitable. .Peaked .T .waves. .
When .resting .membrane .potential=threshold .potential, .it .is .BAD .= .cardiac
.standstill, .paresthesia, .paralysis
Hypocalcemia .and .action .potentials .- .ANS✓✓-Increased .permeability .to .Na+.
.More .excitable. .Tetany, .hyperreflexia, .circumoral .paresthesia, .seizures,
.dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia .and .action .potentials .- .ANS✓✓-Decreased .permeability .to .Na+.
.Less .excitable. .Weakness, .hyporeflexia, .fatigue, .lethargy, .confusion,
.encephalopathy, .depressed .T .waves
Atrophy .- .ANS✓✓-Occurs .as .a .result .of .decrease .in .work .load, .pressure, .use,
.blood .supply, .nutrition, .hormonal .stimulation, .or .nervous .stimulation. .Once .the
.cell .has .decreased .in .size, .it .has .now .compensated .for .decreased .blood
.supply, .nerve .supply, .nutrient .supply, .hormonal .supply, .and .has .achieved .new
.homeostasis. .Cells .are .alive .but .have .diminished .function .and .may .lead .to
.cellular .death.
Atrophy .examples .- .ANS✓✓-Physiologic .atrophy- .shrinking .of .the .thymus
.gland .during .childhood.
Disuse .atrophy- .someone .that .ends .up .being .paralyzed
Hypertrophy .- .ANS✓✓-Increase .in .SIZE .of .cells, .which .will .lead .to .increase .in
.size .of .organ. .Caused .by .hormonal .stimulation .or .increased .functional
.demand.
Hypertrophy .examples .- .ANS✓✓-physiologic .hypertrophy- .skeletal .hypertrophy
.when .a .person .does .heavy .work .or .weight .lifting ./ .when .a .kidney .is .surgically
.removed, .the .other .kidney .increases .in .size
pathologic .hypertrophy- .cardiomegaly .results .from .an .increased .workload .in
.hypertensive .patients ./ .*left .ventricular .hypertrophy*
Hyperplasia .- .ANS✓✓-Increase .in .NUMBER .of .cells. .Results .from .increased
.rate .of .mitosis. .Can .ONLY .happen .in .cells .that .are .capable .of .mitosis .(cell
.division).
Hyperplasia .examples .- .ANS✓✓-1. .Thickening .of .skin .because .of .hyperplasia
.of .epidermal .cells.
2. .Hormonal .hyperplasia- .occurs .in .estrogen .dependent .organs .like .uterus .and
.breast.
3. .Compensatory .hyperplasia- .liver .regenerates, .callus .on .skin
Questions and answers 2025
Ovarian .cancer .site .of .metastasis? .- .ANS✓✓-Peritoneal .surfaces, .omentum
.(fold .of .peritoneum .connecting .the .stomach .with .other .abdominal .organs),
.*liver*
The .increased .NADH/NAD+ .ratio .in .the .liver .from .ethanol .causes: .- .ANS✓✓-1.
.Pyruvate .--> .lactic .acid, .causing .lactic .acidosis
2. .Oxaloacetate .--> .malate. .This .prevents .gluconeogenesis .and .leads .to
.hypoglycemia
3. .Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate .--> .glycerol .3- .phosphate .and .combines .with
.fatty .acids .to .form .triglycerides .in .the .liver, .known .as .hepatosteatosis
4. .Decreases .citric .acid .cycle .production .of .NADH .and .leads .to .using .Acetyl-
CoA .for .ketogenesis .and .lipogenesis
What .can .Reactive .Oxygen .Species .cause? .- .ANS✓✓-Heart .disease,
.Alzheimers, .Parkinsons, .Amyotrophic .Lateral .Sclerosis .(ALS), .CV .disease, .HTN,
.HLD, .DM, .ischemic .heart .disease, .HF, .OSA. .Lipid .perioxidation, .damage
.proteins, .fragment .DNA, .less .*protein .synthesis*, .chromatin .destruction,
.damage .mitochondria
What .is .the .body's .defense .against .ROS? .- .ANS✓✓-Antioxidants .(Vitamin .E,
.Vitamin .C, .cysteine, .glutathione, .albumin, .ceruloplasmin, .transferrin)
How .are .free .radicals .produced? .- .ANS✓✓-1. .Normal .cellular .respiration
2. .Absorption .of .extreme .energy .sources .(radiation, .UV .light)
3. .Metabolism .of .exogenous .chemicals, .drugs, .and .pesticides
4. .Transition .of .metals
5. .Nitric .oxide .acting .like .a .chemical .mediator .and .a .free .radical
action .potential .- .ANS✓✓-Process .of .conducting .an .impulse. .Activates .the
.neuron .--> .the .neuron .depolarizes .--> .then .repolarizes
Threshold .potential .- .ANS✓✓-Point .at .which .depolarization .must .reach .in .order
.to .initiate .an .action .potential
, Hypokalemia .and .action .potentials .- .ANS✓✓-HYPERpolarized .(more .negative,
.ex. .-100). .Less .excitable. .Decreased .neuromuscular .excitability: .weakness,
.smooth .muscle .atony, .paresthesia, .cardiac .dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia .and .action .potentials .- .ANS✓✓-HYPOpolarized .(more .positive,
.ex: .closer .to .0). .More .excitable. .Peaked .T .waves. .
When .resting .membrane .potential=threshold .potential, .it .is .BAD .= .cardiac
.standstill, .paresthesia, .paralysis
Hypocalcemia .and .action .potentials .- .ANS✓✓-Increased .permeability .to .Na+.
.More .excitable. .Tetany, .hyperreflexia, .circumoral .paresthesia, .seizures,
.dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia .and .action .potentials .- .ANS✓✓-Decreased .permeability .to .Na+.
.Less .excitable. .Weakness, .hyporeflexia, .fatigue, .lethargy, .confusion,
.encephalopathy, .depressed .T .waves
Atrophy .- .ANS✓✓-Occurs .as .a .result .of .decrease .in .work .load, .pressure, .use,
.blood .supply, .nutrition, .hormonal .stimulation, .or .nervous .stimulation. .Once .the
.cell .has .decreased .in .size, .it .has .now .compensated .for .decreased .blood
.supply, .nerve .supply, .nutrient .supply, .hormonal .supply, .and .has .achieved .new
.homeostasis. .Cells .are .alive .but .have .diminished .function .and .may .lead .to
.cellular .death.
Atrophy .examples .- .ANS✓✓-Physiologic .atrophy- .shrinking .of .the .thymus
.gland .during .childhood.
Disuse .atrophy- .someone .that .ends .up .being .paralyzed
Hypertrophy .- .ANS✓✓-Increase .in .SIZE .of .cells, .which .will .lead .to .increase .in
.size .of .organ. .Caused .by .hormonal .stimulation .or .increased .functional
.demand.
Hypertrophy .examples .- .ANS✓✓-physiologic .hypertrophy- .skeletal .hypertrophy
.when .a .person .does .heavy .work .or .weight .lifting ./ .when .a .kidney .is .surgically
.removed, .the .other .kidney .increases .in .size
pathologic .hypertrophy- .cardiomegaly .results .from .an .increased .workload .in
.hypertensive .patients ./ .*left .ventricular .hypertrophy*
Hyperplasia .- .ANS✓✓-Increase .in .NUMBER .of .cells. .Results .from .increased
.rate .of .mitosis. .Can .ONLY .happen .in .cells .that .are .capable .of .mitosis .(cell
.division).
Hyperplasia .examples .- .ANS✓✓-1. .Thickening .of .skin .because .of .hyperplasia
.of .epidermal .cells.
2. .Hormonal .hyperplasia- .occurs .in .estrogen .dependent .organs .like .uterus .and
.breast.
3. .Compensatory .hyperplasia- .liver .regenerates, .callus .on .skin
