Solution Manual for Cryptography and Network Security: Principles and Practice, 8th edition by William Stallings, Chapter 1-10

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Solution Manual for Cryptography and Network
Security: Principles and Practice, 8th edition
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All Chapters (1-10)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS




Chapter 1 Introduction .............................................................. 5
Chapter 2 Introduction to Number Theory.................................... 8
Chapter 3 Classical Encryption Techniques .................................. 16
Chapter 4 Block Ciphers and the Data Encryption Standard ........... 25
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Chapter 5 Finite Fields.............................................................. 35
Chapter 6 Advanced Encryption Standard ................................... 41
Chapter 7 Block Cipher Operation .............................................. 48
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Chapter 8 Random and Pseudorandom Number Generation and
Stream Ciphers ........................................................................ 54
Chapter 9 Public-Key Cryptography and RSA ............................... 62
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Chapter 10 Other Public-Key Cryptosystems ............................... 70
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
1.1 The OSI Security Architecture is a framework that provides a systematic
way of defining the requirements for security and characterizing the
approaches to satisfying those requirements. The document defines
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security attacks, mechanisms, and services, and the relationships
among these categories.
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1.2 Passive attacks: release of message contents and traffic analysis.
Active attacks: masquerade, replay, modification of messages, and
denial of service.
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1.3 Authentication: The assurance that the communicating entity is the
one that it claims to be.
Access control: The prevention of unauthorized use of a resource (i.e.,
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this service controls who can have access to a resource, under what
conditions access can occur, and what those accessing the resource are
allowed to do).
Data confidentiality: The protection of data from unauthorized
disclosure.
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Data integrity: The assurance that data received are exactly as sent by
an authorized entity (i.e., contain no modification, insertion, deletion, or
replay).
Nonrepudiation: Provides protection against denial by one of the
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entities involved in a communication of having participated in all or part
of the communication.
Availability service: The property of a system or a system resource
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being accessible and usable upon demand by an authorized system
entity, according to performance specifications for the system (i.e., a
system is available if it provides services according to the system design
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whenever users request them).

1.4 Cryptographic algorithms: Transform data between plaintext and
ciphertext.
Data integrity: Mechanisms used to assure the integrity of a data unit
or stream of data units.
Digital signature: Data appended to, or a cryptographic
transformation of, a data unit that allows a recipient of the data unit to
prove the source and integrity of the data unit and protect against
forgery.

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Authentication exchange: A mechanism intended to ensure the
identity of an entity by means of information exchange.
Traffic padding: The insertion of bits into gaps in a data stream to
frustrate traffic analysis attempts.
Routing control: Enables selection of particular physically or logically
secure routes for certain data and allows routing changes, especially
when a breach of security is suspected.
Notarization: The use of a trusted third party to assure certain
properties of a data exchange.
Access control: A variety of mechanisms that enforce access rights to
resources.
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1.5 Keyless: Do not use any keys during cryptographic transformations.
Single-key: The result of a transformation are a function of the input
data and a single key, known as a secret key.
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Two-key: At various stages of the calculate two different but related
keys are used, referred to as private key and public key.
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1.6 Communications security: Deals with the protection of
communications through the network, including measures to protect
against both passive and active attacks.
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Device security: Deals with the protection of network devices, such as
routers and switches, and end systems connected to the network, such
as client systems and servers.

1.7 Trust: The willingness of a party to be vulnerable to the actions of
another party based on the expectation that the other will perform a
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particular action important to the trustor, irrespective of the ability to
monitor or control that other party.
Trustworthiness: A characteristic of an entity that reflects the degree
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to which that entity is deserving of trust.


ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS
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1.1 The system must keep personal identification numbers confidential, both
in the host system and during transmission for a transaction. It must
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protect the integrity of account records and of individual transactions.
Availability of the host system is important to the economic well being
of the bank, but not to its fiduciary responsibility. The availability of
individual teller machines is of less concern.

1.2 The system does not have high requirements for integrity on individual
transactions, as lasting damage will not be incurred by occasionally
losing a call or billing record. The integrity of control programs and
configuration records, however, is critical. Without these, the switching


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