WGU D281 Linux Foundations Test Questions Completed with 100% correct answers

WGU D281 Linux Foundations Test Questions Completed with 100% correct answers WGU D281 Linux Foundations Test Questions Completed with 100% correct answers Distribution << correct answer >> is a bundle that consists of a Linux kernel and a selection of applications that are maintained by a company or user community. Embedded systems << correct answer >> are a combination of computer hardware and software designed to have a specific function within a larger system. Linux in the Cloud << correct answer >> Another opportunity to become familiar with Linux is to deploy Linux within one of the many public clouds available. Creating an account with one of the many others cloud providers will allow you to quickly deploy many different Linux distributions quickly and easily. Debian GNU/Linux << correct answer >> distribution is the biggest distribution of the this distribution family. The this Project was launched by Ian Murdock in 1993. Today thousands of volunteers are working on the project. Ubuntu << correct answer >> is another Debian-based distribution worth mentioning. this was created by Mark Shuttleworth and his team in 2004, with the mission to bring an easy to use Linux desktop environment. it's mission is to provide a free software to everyone across the world as well as to cut the cost of professional services. CentOS project << correct answer >> uses the freely available source code of Red Hat Enterprise Linux and compiles it to a distribution which is available completely free of charge, but in return does not come with commercial support openSUSE << correct answer >> SUSE released the this project, which opened opportunities for developers and users to test and further develop the system. This distribution is freely available to download. Red Hat << correct answer >> is a Linux distribution developed and maintained by the identically named software company, which was acquired by IBM in 2019. This Linux distribution was started in 1994 and re-branded in 2003, often abbreviated as RHEL SUSE Linux << correct answer >> became mostly known for its YaST configuration tool. This tool allows administrators to install and configure software and hardware, set up servers and networks. Linux Mint << correct answer >> A Linux distribution that is a derivative of Ubuntu and still relies upon the Ubuntu repositories. Scientific Linux << correct answer >> A specific use distribution based on Red Hat. It was designed to enable scientific computing. Raspberry Pi << correct answer >> is a low cost, credit-card sized computer that can function as a full-functionality desktop computer, but it can be used within an embedded Linux system. Raspbian << correct answer >> One of the most prominent Linux distributions for the Raspberry Pi is Android << correct answer >> is a modified version of the Linux kernel with additional open source software. The operating system is mainly developed for touchscreen devices, but Google has developed versions for TV and wrist watches desktop applications << correct answer >> are still the best option for the creation of multimedia content. Multimedia related activities like video rendering often require high amounts of system resources, which are best managed by a local desktop application. server programs << correct answer >> can provide all kinds of information. It's not uncommon to have these requesting information provided by other types of these. Development languages << correct answer >> All computer programs (client and server programs, desktop applications and the operating system itself) are made using one or more programming languages. Programs can be a single file or a complex system of hundreds of files, which the operating system treats as an instruction sequence to be interpreted and performed by the processor and other devices. Package management tools << correct answer >> a distribution has a package repository with a vast collection of applications available to install through this repositories << correct answer >> a place where things are stored OpenO << correct answer >> was an open source version of the StarOffice suite released by Sun Microsystems. A few years later Sun was acquired by Oracle Corporation LibreOffice << correct answer >> office suite based on the same source code as openoffice was released by the Document Foundation Thunderbird << correct answer >> Mozilla also develops other applications, like this e-mail client Mozilla Firefox << correct answer >> open source browser named Chromium, which can be installed using the distribution's package manager GIMP << correct answer >> A full-featured image editor, which can be compared with Adobe Photoshop, but has its own concepts and tools to work with images Nextcloud << correct answer >> provides private audio/video conferencing, make sure to also enable HTTPS to encrypt all connections to your cloud. ownCloud << correct answer >> is to implement a cloud computing solution able to provide various methods of web based data sharing Apache HTTPD << correct answer >> A server application program, or daemon, that manages web page requests on an Apache web server. NGINX << correct answer >> Reverse proxy, load balancer, mail proxy, and HTTP cache MariaDB MySQL << correct answer >> open source relational databases NFS << correct answer >> protocol is the standard way to share file systems in networks equipped only with Unix/Linux machines Samba << correct answer >> implements a protocol for sharing files over the network originally made for the Windows operating system, but today is compatible with all major operating systems. C << correct answer >> programming language is closely related with operating systems, particularly Unix, but it is used to write any kind of program to almost any kind of device. Java << correct answer >> programs written in this language are portable, which means that the same program can be executed in different operating systems. JavaScript << correct answer >> is a programming language mostly used in web pages Perl << correct answer >> is a programming language most used to process text content. shell << correct answer >> is not just a programming language, but an interactive interface to run other programs. Python << correct answer >> PHP << correct answer >> is most used as a server side scripting language for generating content for the web. dpkg << correct answer >> operate on individual package files. apt-get << correct answer >> Linux command for installing or updating a program using the advanced packaging tool. rpm << correct answer >> command-line utility used for managing software packages yum << correct answer >> is a package management tool for Linux systems based on RPM Open source philosophy << correct answer >> The idea that all humans have a right to obtain the software source code and to modify it for your own use without cost. Open source licensing << correct answer >> A copyright licence that allows the user to modify the source code Free Software Foundation (FSF) << correct answer >> has formulated the GNU General Public License (GPL) as one of the most important licenses for free software, which is used by many projects, e.g. the Linux kernel. Open Source Initiative (OSI) << correct answer >> founded in 1998 by Eric S. Raymond and Bruce Perens, which is mainly concerned with licensing issues. It has also developed a standardized procedure for checking software licenses for compliance with its Open Source Definition Copyleft << correct answer >> A licensing protection used by those who create open source software. Permissive << correct answer >> is a free-software license which instead of copyleft protections, carries only minimal restrictions on how the software can be used, modified, and redistributed, usually including a warranty disclaimer. GNU General Public License << correct answer >> (GPL) Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) << correct answer >> is a variant of the Unix operating system originally developed at the University of Berkeley Creative Commons << correct answer >> is a global nonprofit organization that enables sharing and reuse of creativity and knowledge through the provision of free legal tools. Free Software << correct answer >> software that is free to run, copy, change or adapt, and share with friends, family or colleagues. Open Source Software << correct answer >> noncommercial software shared freely and developed collectively on the internet Free and Open Source Software << correct answer >> FOSS Free/Libre and Open Source Software << correct answer >> FLOSS Open source business models << correct answer >> The simplest way to make money is to sell support or warranty around the software. You may make money by installing the software for people, helping people when they have problems, or fixing bugs for money. You are effectively a consultant. Desktop skills << correct answer >> to choose the best tool for the right job, including getting to the command line. Command line << correct answer >> one of the most important applications is the graphical terminal emulator. Those are called terminal emulators because they really emulate, in a graphical environment Industry Uses of Linux << correct answer >> heavily used among the software and Internet industries. Sites like W3Techs report that about 68% of the website servers on the Internet are powered by Unix and the biggest portion of those are known to be Linux cloud computing and virtualization << correct answer >> A significant portion of Linux systems nowadays run in the cloud, either on a IaaS (Infrastructure as a service), PaaS (Platform as a Service) or SaaS (Software as a Service) model Using a browser << correct answer >> is a fundamental piece of software on any desktop these days, but some people still lack the knowledge to use it securely privacy concerns when using the internet << correct answer >> Cookie Tracking Do Not Track (DNT) "Private" Windows Choosing the Right Password Terminal << correct answer >> provides a way for users to execute commands, navigate files, install software packages, and perform various tasks on their system without the need for a graphical user interface (GUI) Privacy tools << correct answer >> -Cookies -Cookie managers -Delete unwanted or dangerous cookies -Can also use settings not to accept cookies common open source applications in presentations and projects << correct answer >> LibreOffice Impress Beamer LaTeX Basic shell << correct answer >> • Bourne-again shell (Bash) • C shell (csh or tcsh, the enhanced csh) • Korn shell (ksh) • Z shell (zsh Variables << correct answer >> are pieces of storage for data, such as text or numbers. Quoting << correct answer >> which encapsulates such data using various kinds of these Bash << correct answer >> The most common shell on linux history << correct answer >> It stores the command line history. PATH environment variable << correct answer >> is one of the most important environment variables in a Linux system. It stores a list of directories, separated by a colon, that contain executable programs eligible as commands from the Linux shell. export << correct answer >> Make local variables available to subprocesses echo << correct answer >> Output text on the terminal. type << correct answer >> Show how a specific command is executed. Man pages << correct answer >> This documentation is usually installed with the software and can be accessed with the man command. Most commands provide a manual page Info pages << correct answer >> Another tool that will help you while working with the Linux system are these. are usually more detailed than the man pages and are formatted in hypertext, similar to web pages on the Internet. man command << correct answer >> display the manual for the given command info command << correct answer >> Equivalent to the man command. Generally provides an easier to read description of the queried command and also contains links to other related information /usr/share/doc/ << correct answer >> directory stores most documentation of the commands that the system is using. This directory contains a directory for most packages installed on the system. locate command << correct answer >> Linux has many tools to locate a particular file within a system. The quickest one this command Files, directories << correct answer >> in Linux can contain lower case and upper case letters, numbers, spaces and special characters. Hidden files and directories << correct answer >> will always begin with a period (.). Home directories << correct answer >> is the directory or folder commonly given to a user on a network or Unix or Linux variant operating system. Absolute path << correct answer >> path contains every step of the path, from the top of the filesystem (/) to the bottom (Reports). relative paths << correct answer >> gives us ways to shorten our paths when navigating. To reveal the first special paths, we enter the ls command with the flag -a. List out file information List out all hidden files List only the Directory information List Subdirectories Recursively using Append File Type Indicators using the << correct answer >> Common options for ls -r << correct answer >> Recursive listings cd << correct answer >> Navigation in Linux is primarily done with this command . (period) << correct answer >> is a pointer to the current directory .. (double period) << correct answer >> is a pointer to the parent directory shorthand for home directory << correct answer >> ~ ls mv cp pwd find touch rm rmdir echo cat mkdir << correct answer >> Commands for managing Files and directories Case sensitivity << correct answer >> Unlike Microsoft Windows, file and directory names on Linux systems are case sensitive. Simple globbing << correct answer >> pattern matching language. Command line shells on Linux systems use this language to refer to groups of files whose names match a specific pattern mv << correct answer >> Move or rename files or directories. cp << correct answer >> Copy files or directories. rm << correct answer >> Delete files or directories. touch << correct answer >> Create new empty files or update an existing file's modification timestamp mkdir << correct answer >> Create new directories rmdir << correct answer >> Delete directories Archives tools << correct answer >> are used to bundle up files and directories into a single file. compression tools << correct answer >> is used to reduce the amount of space a specific set of data consumes. tar << correct answer >> The most common tool for archiving files on Linux systems is this command gzip << correct answer >> Common tar optionsis a powerful utility in Linux that allows you to compress and decompress files. bzip2 << correct answer >> Compress files using the bzip2 algorithm and format. xz << correct answer >> Compress files using the this algorithm and format zip, unzip << correct answer >> Create and compress ZIP archives. Command line pipes << correct answer >> lets you send the output of one command to another I/O redirection << correct answer >> enables the user to redirect information from or to a command by using a text file. grep << correct answer >> main functionality is to search within files for the specified pattern less << correct answer >> Displays a file, allowing the user to scroll one line at the time cat << correct answer >> Displays or concatenates files. is used to print the full contents of a file to the screen at once head << correct answer >> Displays the first 10 lines of a file. tail << correct answer >> Displays the last 10 lines of a file. sort << correct answer >> Sorts files cut << correct answer >> Removes sections from each line of a file. wc << correct answer >> Counts by default the lines, words or bytes of a file. vi text editor << correct answer >> is a venerable text editor and is installed by default on almost every Linux system in existence. nano << correct answer >> is a newer tool, built to be simple and easier to use than vi #!/bin/bash (shebang) << correct answer >> is a character sequence at the beginning of a Bash script that an OS looks for to specify which interpreter to use. Arguments << correct answer >> Control the output of the command and specify a target. for loops << correct answer >> is used to execute a set of statements repetitively Exit status << correct answer >> is the number retuned by a computer process to its parent when it terminates Motherboard << correct answer >> normalizes that interconnection using standardized connectors and form factors. It also provides support for the configuration and electrical needs of those connectors. processors << correct answer >> In computers most of that processing is dealing with electrical signals. Typically those signals are treated as having one of the binary values 1 or 0. power supplies << correct answer >> All of the active components in a computer system require electricity to operate. Optical Drives << correct answer >> disc drives that use a laser to store and read data peripherals << correct answer >> An input device, output device, or secondary storage device that is not part of the central processing unit (CPU) Hard drives << correct answer >> are nonvolatile devices that store data. solid state disks << correct answer >> faster than hard disks, nonvolatile partitions << correct answer >> a wall or partial wall that separates or divides space /dev << correct answer >> directory contains device files (also sometimes known as device special files and device nodes) that provide access to peripheral devices such as hard disks, to resources on peripheral devices such as disk partitions, and pseudo devices such as a random number generator. /sd << correct answer >> SD card directory Drivers << correct answer >> Programs << correct answer >> are executable files containing sets of instructions to be run by the computer's processor configuration << correct answer >> the latter are usually text documents that control the operation of a program. Processes << correct answer >> Every time a user issues a command, a program is run and one or more these are generated Memory addresses << correct answer >> a location where hardware of software stores data in RAM. System messaging << correct answer >> A technique wherein a log daemon accepts messages from other processes Logging << correct answer >> kernel and the processes start executing and communicating with each other, a lot of information is produced. Most of it is sent to these files ps command << correct answer >> can be used to obtain a snapshot of the current running processes in the system. top command << correct answer >> is a very useful command to dynamically and interactively explore the running processes of the system. free command << correct answer >> Display amount of free and used memory in the system syslog command << correct answer >> It stores system information dmesg command << correct answer >> prints the kernel ring buffer /etc/ << correct answer >> Contains core configuration files of the system, primarily used by the administrator and services. /var/log/ << correct answer >> are data that varies over time, they are normally found here /boot/ << correct answer >> This directory contains everything required for the boot process except for configuration files not needed at boot time and the map installer. /proc/ << correct answer >> directory is one of the so-called virtual or pseudo filesystems since its contents are not written to disk, but loaded in memory. /dev/ << correct answer >> contains device files (or nodes) for all connected hardware devices. /sys/ << correct answer >> The sys filesystem (sysfs) is mounted on this Internet << correct answer >> A group of computers and servers that are connected to each other. network << correct answer >> a group of two or more computer systems linked together routers << correct answer >> devices that connect different networks together look up DNS data are configured in the /etc/ lookup in the DNS, use the command host More detailed information can be obtain using DIG << correct answer >> Querying DNS client configuration route << correct answer >> defines a router which receives all packets which did not match any other route. ip route show << correct answer >> lists the current IPv4 routing table ifconfig << correct answer >> A TCP/IP configuration and management utility used with UNIX and Linux systems. ip addr show << correct answer >> shows the IP address information on all interfaces netstat << correct answer >> A TCP/IP utility that shows the status of each active connection. ss << correct answer >> gives you detailed information about how your computer communicates with other computers, networks, and services. /etc/ << correct answer >> resolvers that Linux uses to look up DNS data are configured here /etc/hosts << correct answer >> file acts as a static table lookup for hostnames IPv4 << correct answer >> Internet Protocol version 4 IPv6 << correct answer >> Internet Protocol version 6 ping << correct answer >> A utility that sends an ICMP echo request message to a host. host << correct answer >> Query DNS information and provide condensed output. Root users << correct answer >> the superuser account which always has UID 0 standard users << correct answer >> All accounts other than root are technically regular user accounts, but on a Linux system the colloquial term user account often means a "regular" (unprivileged) user account System users << correct answer >> are typically pre-created at system installation time. These are for facilities, programs and services that will not run as the superuser. /etc/passwd << correct answer >> This file stores basic information about the users on the system, including UID and GID, home directory, shell, etc. /etc/shadow << correct answer >> This is where user passwords are stored. They are hashed, for security. /etc/group << correct answer >> This file stores basic information about all user groups on the system, like group name and GID and members id << correct answer >> List real (or effective) user and group IDs. last << correct answer >> List users who logged in last. who << correct answer >> List users who are currently logged in. w << correct answer >> Similar to who but with additional context. su << correct answer >> Switch to another user with a login shell, or run commands as that user, by passing that user's password. sudo << correct answer >> Switch User (or Superuser) Do, if entitled, the current user enters their own password (if required) to raise privilege. -c User commands << correct answer >> Create a new user account with custom comments (for example full name) -d User commands << correct answer >> Create a new user account with a custom home directory. -e User commands << correct answer >> Create a new user account by setting a specific date on which it will be disabled. -f User commands << correct answer >> Create a new user account by setting the number of days after the password expires during which the user should update the password -g User commands << correct answer >> Create a new user account with a specific GID -G User commands << correct answer >> Create a new user account by adding it to multiple secondary groups. -m User commands << correct answer >> Create a new user account with its home directory. -M User commands << correct answer >> Create a new user account without its home directory. -s User commands << correct answer >> Create a new user account with a specific login shell. -u User commands << correct answer >> Create a new user account with a specific UID. Group command << correct answer >> Once the new user account is created, you can use these commands to find out its UID, GID and the groups to which it belongs. User IDs << correct answer >> The ID number assigned to the user in the system. /etc/skel/ << correct answer >> When you add a new user account, even creating its home directory, the newly created home directory is populated with files and folders that are copied from this passwd << correct answer >> This command is primarily used to change a user's password. Stands for read and r Permissions on Files << correct answer >> has an octal value of 4. This means permission to open a file and do this Stands for write and w Permissions on Files << correct answer >> has an octal value of 2. This means permission to edit or delete a file. Stands for execute and x Permissions on Files << correct answer >> has an octal value of 1. This means that the file can be run as an executable or script. ls -l << correct answer >> command in Unix-based systems lists all files and directories in the current directory in long format. ls -a << correct answer >> Lists hidden files chmod << correct answer >> change permission modifiers chown << correct answer >> change ownership temporary files << correct answer >> are files used by programs to store data that is only needed for a short time. Temporary Directories << correct answer >> Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) defines standard locations for temporary files on Linux systems. Symbolic links << correct answer >> Also called soft links, they point to the path of another file /tmp/ << correct answer >> According to the FHS, programs should not assume that files written here will be preserved between invocations of a program. /var/tmp/ << correct answer >> Another location for temporary files, but this one should not be cleared during the system boot-up, i.e. files stored here will usually persist between reboots. Sticky Bit << correct answer >> is a user ownership access right flag that can be assigned to files and directories on Unix-like systems. ls -d << correct answer >> option will list directories but not their contents. ln -s << correct answer >> sorts by file size, much in the same way as -t and -X sort by time and extension respectively -E with Grep << correct answer >> Turns on extended regular expression with grep command -v with Grep << correct answer >> Inverts what it finds, so it will find everything but that thing with grep -i with Grep << correct answer >> ignores case sensitivity with grep -r with Grep << correct answer >> allows to grep through an entire tree or branch -c with Grep << correct answer >> this will give a count of the number of lines with grep kernel ring buffer << correct answer >> A record of recent messages generated by the Linux kernel. Immediately after a Linux system boots, this contains the bootup messages generated by drivers and major kernel subsystems. This may be viewed with the dmesg command. Journalctl << correct answer >> A Linux command line utility used for querying and displaying logs from journald, the systemd logging service on Linux IPV4 << correct answer >> A (dns record type) IPV6 << correct answer >> AAAA (dns record type) domain name << correct answer >> CNAME (dns record type) MX << correct answer >> Mail server (dns record type) PTR (Pointer) record << correct answer >> Reverse IP Address lookup (dns record type) TXT << correct answer >> Textual data (dns record type) find ~ -name '*pdf' << correct answer >> commands will output a list of all of the file names under your home directory and all subdirectories with file names ending with .pdf Variable names must start with numbers << correct answer >> NOT a valid rule in naming a variable zip << correct answer >> What is the proper command to use to compress the file into the zip archive called ? -f with Tail << correct answer >> option can be used with tail to print the last 10 lines of a file and then keep printing any new lines that may be added continuously daemon << correct answer >> A program that runs in the background of the system 1 (STDOUT) << correct answer >> is the file descriptor number used to represent the Standard Out (STDOUT) 0 (STDIN) << correct answer >> the file descriptor number used to represent the Standard In (STDIN)