Philosophy 101 Test 3(Quizzes &
solns)Brand new 2025 |Exam code 2321
Why is lying wrong according to the Bible? - answer-Lying causes harm and violates the
trust that others have in us. Lying about our neighbors is wrong because it is insulting to
them.
What is Kant's argument about God existing? - answer-Kant argued that God exists
because if he doesn't then the universe is morally incomplete. Because virtue will go
unrewarded and wickedness will go unpunished.
Who was Thrasymachus? - answer-He was a Sophist during the time of Socrates. He
believed people on believed in right and wrong because they are taught to obey the
rules of society. That the rules are only human invention. And that they are designed to
protect the interests of society's most powerful members. So, by his beliefs, when
ordinary people think they must do the right thing they are just being played. He
believed ethics was a matter of opinion.
What is a Sophist? - answer-According to Plato (who despised Sophists) they were
philosophers that charges a fee for their instruction and they care more about money
than the truth.
"The life of a man is no greater importance to the universe than that of an oyster" -
answer-David Hume's way of saying that modern science sees the world as a cold,
indifferent place that ares nothing for us or our projects; the universe is a realm of facts
that know nothing of right and wrong.
What is the argument of ethical realativism that follows from the fact that cultures have
different standards? - answer-1. Different cultures have different moral codes
2. Therefore, there is no such things as objective right and wrong. Where theirs is
concerned, the standards of the different societies are all that exist.
What is the downside of the argument of ethical realism that follows from the fact that
cultures have different standards? - answer-It does not follow from the fact that people
disagree about something, that there is no truth about it. And all standards may seem to
be culture relative.
What is the argument for why judging other cultures is wrong based on ethical
relativism? - answer-1. For our criticisms of other cultures to be justified the must appeal
to standard that are not simply derived from our own culture.
2. But there are not such culture-neutral moral standards. All standards are relative to
some society or other.
3. Therefore, our criticisms of other cultures is unjustified.
, What is our cultural-neutral standard? - answer-Whether the social practice in questions
is beneficial or harmful to the people who are affected by it.
What is the argument that ethics is a mere matter of opinion? (Argument from
Disagreement) - answer-1. In ethics, online in science, there is a widespread and
persistent disagreement.
2. The best explanations of the fact is that there is no objective truth in ethics.
3. Therefore, we may conclude, at least tentatively, that there is no objective truth in
ethics.
What is the argument from lack of proof in ethics? - answer-1. If there were objective
truth in ethics, then it should be possible to prove that at least some ethical opinion is
true.
2. But it is not possible to prove that any ethical opinion is true.
3. Therefore, there is no objective truth in ethics.
What is the metaphysical argument? - answer-Ethical opinions cannot be objectively
true or false because there is no moral reality that they may match or fail to match.
What is the argument for objective truths in science but not in ethics? - answer-1. There
are objective truths in science because there is an objective reality, the physical world,
which science describes.
2. But there is no moral reality comparable to the reality of the physical world. There
nothing "there" for ethics to describe.
3. Therefore, there are no objective truths in ethics.
What is the social contract? - answer-Thomas Hobbes assumed that good and bad
depend on the person based on what they like and dislike. He also said that we are all
essentially alike in the fact that we do things for benefit of ourselves. We are all better
off living together than alone.We would loose everything without social cooperation. But
a cooperative society can exist only if we adopt certain rules of behavior, rules that
require telling the truth, keeping our promise, respecting one another lives and property
and so on. So, we strike a bargain with one another based on morality. "Thus morality
may be understood as the rules that a self-interested person would agree to obey,
provided to other agree to them as well.
Why is the social contract theory attractive? - answer-1. It takes out the mystery out of
ethics and makes it a practical, down-to-eath business.
2. It gives us a sensible way of determining what our moral duties are. We are morally
required to do things that make social living possible.
3. It gives a plausible answer to Glaucon;s question: Why should we behave morally
when it is not to our advantage? Well, it is to our advantage to live in a society in which
people behave morally. Thus, it is rational to us to accept moral restrictions on our
conduct, because the overall system benefits us.
Con, there are free riders
solns)Brand new 2025 |Exam code 2321
Why is lying wrong according to the Bible? - answer-Lying causes harm and violates the
trust that others have in us. Lying about our neighbors is wrong because it is insulting to
them.
What is Kant's argument about God existing? - answer-Kant argued that God exists
because if he doesn't then the universe is morally incomplete. Because virtue will go
unrewarded and wickedness will go unpunished.
Who was Thrasymachus? - answer-He was a Sophist during the time of Socrates. He
believed people on believed in right and wrong because they are taught to obey the
rules of society. That the rules are only human invention. And that they are designed to
protect the interests of society's most powerful members. So, by his beliefs, when
ordinary people think they must do the right thing they are just being played. He
believed ethics was a matter of opinion.
What is a Sophist? - answer-According to Plato (who despised Sophists) they were
philosophers that charges a fee for their instruction and they care more about money
than the truth.
"The life of a man is no greater importance to the universe than that of an oyster" -
answer-David Hume's way of saying that modern science sees the world as a cold,
indifferent place that ares nothing for us or our projects; the universe is a realm of facts
that know nothing of right and wrong.
What is the argument of ethical realativism that follows from the fact that cultures have
different standards? - answer-1. Different cultures have different moral codes
2. Therefore, there is no such things as objective right and wrong. Where theirs is
concerned, the standards of the different societies are all that exist.
What is the downside of the argument of ethical realism that follows from the fact that
cultures have different standards? - answer-It does not follow from the fact that people
disagree about something, that there is no truth about it. And all standards may seem to
be culture relative.
What is the argument for why judging other cultures is wrong based on ethical
relativism? - answer-1. For our criticisms of other cultures to be justified the must appeal
to standard that are not simply derived from our own culture.
2. But there are not such culture-neutral moral standards. All standards are relative to
some society or other.
3. Therefore, our criticisms of other cultures is unjustified.
, What is our cultural-neutral standard? - answer-Whether the social practice in questions
is beneficial or harmful to the people who are affected by it.
What is the argument that ethics is a mere matter of opinion? (Argument from
Disagreement) - answer-1. In ethics, online in science, there is a widespread and
persistent disagreement.
2. The best explanations of the fact is that there is no objective truth in ethics.
3. Therefore, we may conclude, at least tentatively, that there is no objective truth in
ethics.
What is the argument from lack of proof in ethics? - answer-1. If there were objective
truth in ethics, then it should be possible to prove that at least some ethical opinion is
true.
2. But it is not possible to prove that any ethical opinion is true.
3. Therefore, there is no objective truth in ethics.
What is the metaphysical argument? - answer-Ethical opinions cannot be objectively
true or false because there is no moral reality that they may match or fail to match.
What is the argument for objective truths in science but not in ethics? - answer-1. There
are objective truths in science because there is an objective reality, the physical world,
which science describes.
2. But there is no moral reality comparable to the reality of the physical world. There
nothing "there" for ethics to describe.
3. Therefore, there are no objective truths in ethics.
What is the social contract? - answer-Thomas Hobbes assumed that good and bad
depend on the person based on what they like and dislike. He also said that we are all
essentially alike in the fact that we do things for benefit of ourselves. We are all better
off living together than alone.We would loose everything without social cooperation. But
a cooperative society can exist only if we adopt certain rules of behavior, rules that
require telling the truth, keeping our promise, respecting one another lives and property
and so on. So, we strike a bargain with one another based on morality. "Thus morality
may be understood as the rules that a self-interested person would agree to obey,
provided to other agree to them as well.
Why is the social contract theory attractive? - answer-1. It takes out the mystery out of
ethics and makes it a practical, down-to-eath business.
2. It gives us a sensible way of determining what our moral duties are. We are morally
required to do things that make social living possible.
3. It gives a plausible answer to Glaucon;s question: Why should we behave morally
when it is not to our advantage? Well, it is to our advantage to live in a society in which
people behave morally. Thus, it is rational to us to accept moral restrictions on our
conduct, because the overall system benefits us.
Con, there are free riders
