PAR Exam Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025-2026
Cognitive Devlopment - Answers Brain development which is the ability to learn more and more difficult
and complex things, the ability to think logically, and the ability to solve problems.
Social Development - Answers The ability to form relationships and get along with others; to work out
differences between yourself and others in a mature and respectful way; and to give and receive love.
Emotional Development - Answers The ability to manage one's emotions and to think in a realistic
fashion instead of a fantasy-like fashion. Also the ability to wait for things rather than demanding them
right now is a sign of emotional development.
Physiological Needs - Answers Needs that living things require to function, like food, water, air and
sleep.
Safety Needs - Answers Need for protection and security(shelter, protection from harm).
Love/belonging Needs - Answers The need to love, be loved and feel accepted by others. The needs are
met through people around us who are loving, nurturing and supportive.
Esteem Needs - Answers These needs related to feeling good about oneself through confidence,
achievement and respect.
Self-Actualization Needs - Answers The instinctual need of humans to make the most of their abilities to
test their limits, and to strive to be the best they can.
Name the five levels of human needs according to Maslow - Answers Physiological Needs, Safety Needs,
Love and Belonging Needs, Self Esteem Needs, Self Actualization Needs.
Describe the relationship between unmet needs and youth behavior. - Answers Youth behaviors are
often motivated by their often unconscious efforts to satisfy unmet needs that exist physiologically and
emotionally.
Define trauma - Answers Trauma is the personal experience of interpersonal violence including sexual
abuse, physical abuse, severe neglect, loss, and/or the witnessing of violence, terrorism, and disasters.
define stress response - Answers The body's rapid and automatic switch into high gear. Also known as
the fight or flight response.
Describe the relationship between past experiences and behavior. - Answers Research by Cathy Widom
states that people who are abused or neglected in childhood are more likely to be arrested later in life,
either as a juvenile or as an adult.
Describe possible youth reactions to unmet needs or trauma triggers. - Answers anger, rage,
running/avoidance, dangerous re-enactment behavior, recklessness, protective aggression, shame, guilt
, Define stress - Answers the reaction given by the body and mind to particular events that may be
difficult, demanding or threatening.
examples of stress that youth experience - Answers break up with boy/girlfriend, arguments with
parents, arguments between parents, trouble with a brother or sister, change in parents' financial
status, serious illness or injury of a family member, trouble with classmates.
signs that someone is experiencing stress - Answers Weight gain or loss, asthma or shortness of breath,
skin problems, moodiness, depression, anger and resentment, easily irritated and on edge,
overwhelmed, isolation, neglecting responsibilities, increasing alcohol/drug use, nervous habits, losing
your temper.
Define conflict - Answers A struggle between at least two parties who disagree about a common goal
and who experience interference from the other party in achieving that goal.
What are the five phases of the crisis development model? - Answers Warning Phase, Escalation Phase,
Crisis Phase, De-Escalation Phase, Recovery PHase
Warning Phase - Answers When a stressful event (such as an unmet need) occurs, the person's stress
levels escalate. Without some type of intervention, warning signs of increased stress and crisis will begin
to appear. The potential for conflict is increasing.
Escalation Phase - Answers If the stressful event is not addressed or resolved, the stress will continue to
escalate and approach crisis levels; the potential for conflict is now very high.
Crisis Phase - Answers The stress levels reach the crisis phase and conflict erupts either between youth
or between youth and staff.
De-Escalation Phase - Answers The staff intervenes and de-escalates, using verbal and physical
techniques, the conflict; resolves the initial stressful event (the unmet need) and works with youth to
address other feelings and unmet needs that contributed to the crisis/conflict.
Recovery Phase - Answers Stress levels appear to be back to normal; potential for conflict is low once
again.
Describe the four steps to talking it out. - Answers Your Turn, My Turn, Mutual Planning, Follow
Through.
what are the 3 steps to managing stress? - Answers Recognize the signs of stress, Change how you react
to stress, Prevent Stress when possible.
What are some strategies that can be used to help youth manage stress? - Answers Exercise-Outdoor
activities, Practice relaxation, Express how they feel, Learn practical coping skills such as breaking large
tasks into smaller ones, be positive, take breaks (time outs) during stressful situations.
Cognitive Devlopment - Answers Brain development which is the ability to learn more and more difficult
and complex things, the ability to think logically, and the ability to solve problems.
Social Development - Answers The ability to form relationships and get along with others; to work out
differences between yourself and others in a mature and respectful way; and to give and receive love.
Emotional Development - Answers The ability to manage one's emotions and to think in a realistic
fashion instead of a fantasy-like fashion. Also the ability to wait for things rather than demanding them
right now is a sign of emotional development.
Physiological Needs - Answers Needs that living things require to function, like food, water, air and
sleep.
Safety Needs - Answers Need for protection and security(shelter, protection from harm).
Love/belonging Needs - Answers The need to love, be loved and feel accepted by others. The needs are
met through people around us who are loving, nurturing and supportive.
Esteem Needs - Answers These needs related to feeling good about oneself through confidence,
achievement and respect.
Self-Actualization Needs - Answers The instinctual need of humans to make the most of their abilities to
test their limits, and to strive to be the best they can.
Name the five levels of human needs according to Maslow - Answers Physiological Needs, Safety Needs,
Love and Belonging Needs, Self Esteem Needs, Self Actualization Needs.
Describe the relationship between unmet needs and youth behavior. - Answers Youth behaviors are
often motivated by their often unconscious efforts to satisfy unmet needs that exist physiologically and
emotionally.
Define trauma - Answers Trauma is the personal experience of interpersonal violence including sexual
abuse, physical abuse, severe neglect, loss, and/or the witnessing of violence, terrorism, and disasters.
define stress response - Answers The body's rapid and automatic switch into high gear. Also known as
the fight or flight response.
Describe the relationship between past experiences and behavior. - Answers Research by Cathy Widom
states that people who are abused or neglected in childhood are more likely to be arrested later in life,
either as a juvenile or as an adult.
Describe possible youth reactions to unmet needs or trauma triggers. - Answers anger, rage,
running/avoidance, dangerous re-enactment behavior, recklessness, protective aggression, shame, guilt
, Define stress - Answers the reaction given by the body and mind to particular events that may be
difficult, demanding or threatening.
examples of stress that youth experience - Answers break up with boy/girlfriend, arguments with
parents, arguments between parents, trouble with a brother or sister, change in parents' financial
status, serious illness or injury of a family member, trouble with classmates.
signs that someone is experiencing stress - Answers Weight gain or loss, asthma or shortness of breath,
skin problems, moodiness, depression, anger and resentment, easily irritated and on edge,
overwhelmed, isolation, neglecting responsibilities, increasing alcohol/drug use, nervous habits, losing
your temper.
Define conflict - Answers A struggle between at least two parties who disagree about a common goal
and who experience interference from the other party in achieving that goal.
What are the five phases of the crisis development model? - Answers Warning Phase, Escalation Phase,
Crisis Phase, De-Escalation Phase, Recovery PHase
Warning Phase - Answers When a stressful event (such as an unmet need) occurs, the person's stress
levels escalate. Without some type of intervention, warning signs of increased stress and crisis will begin
to appear. The potential for conflict is increasing.
Escalation Phase - Answers If the stressful event is not addressed or resolved, the stress will continue to
escalate and approach crisis levels; the potential for conflict is now very high.
Crisis Phase - Answers The stress levels reach the crisis phase and conflict erupts either between youth
or between youth and staff.
De-Escalation Phase - Answers The staff intervenes and de-escalates, using verbal and physical
techniques, the conflict; resolves the initial stressful event (the unmet need) and works with youth to
address other feelings and unmet needs that contributed to the crisis/conflict.
Recovery Phase - Answers Stress levels appear to be back to normal; potential for conflict is low once
again.
Describe the four steps to talking it out. - Answers Your Turn, My Turn, Mutual Planning, Follow
Through.
what are the 3 steps to managing stress? - Answers Recognize the signs of stress, Change how you react
to stress, Prevent Stress when possible.
What are some strategies that can be used to help youth manage stress? - Answers Exercise-Outdoor
activities, Practice relaxation, Express how they feel, Learn practical coping skills such as breaking large
tasks into smaller ones, be positive, take breaks (time outs) during stressful situations.
