Bio250 Final Questions with Accurate Solutions
Patterns known to Charles Darwin - ANSWER 1. Nested Hierarchical Structure of Life
2. Evidence for Extinction
3. Succession of Fossil Types
4. Geographical relationships of similar species
5. Shared Embryonic Features
6. Structural Homology
7. Vestigial Organs
proximate vs. ultimate cause - ANSWER -proximate = causes during lifespan of organism
(what?)
-ultimate = causes that operate during evolutionary history of the organism (why?)
tokogeny - ANSWER individual ancestor-descendant relationships
phylogeny - ANSWER species ancestor-descendent relationship
virulence - ANSWER harm done by pathogen
coincidental evolution hypothesis - ANSWER The virulence of many pathogens in humans may
not be a target of selection itself, but rather an accidental by-product of selection on other
traits
Short-sighted evolution hypothesis - ANSWER long-term best interest of pathogen is not
relevant, the pathogen "thinks short-sightedly"
trade-off hypothesis - ANSWER -if too virulent host won't survive to let pathogen be
transmitted
, ecological facilitation - ANSWER different pieces of the ecosystem are dependent on each other
homology - ANSWER similarity resulting from common ancestry
analogy - ANSWER similar but NOT from common ancestor (convergent evolution)
monophyletic group - ANSWER group that consists of a single ancestral species and all its
descendants and excludes any organisms that are not descended from that common ancestor
paraphyl/polyphyly - ANSWER group that includes some, BUT NOT ALL, descendants of a
common ancestor
apomorphy - ANSWER new trait
pleisiomorphy - ANSWER ancestral trait (old trait, from ancestor)
apomorphy and pleiomorphy - ANSWER are context dependent
Synapomorphy - ANSWER shared new trait
-can help us build phylogenies
parsimony - ANSWER simpler of two options is usually correct
transposon - ANSWER jumping gene
genetic linkage - ANSWER tendency for alleles of different genes to assort together at meiosis
Patterns known to Charles Darwin - ANSWER 1. Nested Hierarchical Structure of Life
2. Evidence for Extinction
3. Succession of Fossil Types
4. Geographical relationships of similar species
5. Shared Embryonic Features
6. Structural Homology
7. Vestigial Organs
proximate vs. ultimate cause - ANSWER -proximate = causes during lifespan of organism
(what?)
-ultimate = causes that operate during evolutionary history of the organism (why?)
tokogeny - ANSWER individual ancestor-descendant relationships
phylogeny - ANSWER species ancestor-descendent relationship
virulence - ANSWER harm done by pathogen
coincidental evolution hypothesis - ANSWER The virulence of many pathogens in humans may
not be a target of selection itself, but rather an accidental by-product of selection on other
traits
Short-sighted evolution hypothesis - ANSWER long-term best interest of pathogen is not
relevant, the pathogen "thinks short-sightedly"
trade-off hypothesis - ANSWER -if too virulent host won't survive to let pathogen be
transmitted
, ecological facilitation - ANSWER different pieces of the ecosystem are dependent on each other
homology - ANSWER similarity resulting from common ancestry
analogy - ANSWER similar but NOT from common ancestor (convergent evolution)
monophyletic group - ANSWER group that consists of a single ancestral species and all its
descendants and excludes any organisms that are not descended from that common ancestor
paraphyl/polyphyly - ANSWER group that includes some, BUT NOT ALL, descendants of a
common ancestor
apomorphy - ANSWER new trait
pleisiomorphy - ANSWER ancestral trait (old trait, from ancestor)
apomorphy and pleiomorphy - ANSWER are context dependent
Synapomorphy - ANSWER shared new trait
-can help us build phylogenies
parsimony - ANSWER simpler of two options is usually correct
transposon - ANSWER jumping gene
genetic linkage - ANSWER tendency for alleles of different genes to assort together at meiosis
