ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MIDTERM REVIEW NR507 EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Perfusion - Answer-Blood circulating past the alveloi
Bronchioles - Answer-Three layer tube like structure surrounding the lumen of air
passageway
transition from cartilage to smooth muscle
Parasympathetic stimulation releases acetylcholine for bronchial constriction=
decreased airflow *dominates*
Sympathetic stimulation by epi binds to b-adrendergic receptors to bronchial
dilation=increased airflow
air trapping in asthma - Answer-Mast cell degranulation, triggered by the excessive
amounts of IGE that have formed this individual, will bind the allergen as it enters the
airway. Mast cell degranulation releases chemicals that releases mucus production and
accumulation as well as chemicals that contribute to smooth muscle constriction. that
smooth muscle constriction along with mucus plugs that form, result in hyperinflation of
the alveoli and eventual erosion of airway tissue
Asthma - Answer-- inflammation of the bronchial mucosa that causes bronchial
hyperresponsiveness, bronchoconstriction, variable airflow obstruction that is reversible.
-Symptoms: chest constriction, exp wheezing, dyspnea, coughing, tachycardia,
tachypnea
-Beta-agonist inhaler, inhaled corticosteroids,
-Anticholinergic drugs:Block acetylcholine binding in the lung. Promotes bronchodilation
through decrease parasympathetic response (tiotropium, ipratropium)
Polycythemia vera - Answer-chronic, progressive disease that is characterized by
overgrowth of the bone marrow, excessive red blood cell production, and an enlarged
spleen and causes headache, inability to concentrate, and pain in the fingers and toes
-increased viscosity, platelet dysfunction, hypercoagulable,
Bronchitis - Answer--Bronchial wall inflammation
- Hypersecretion of mucus
- Chronic productive cough (3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years)
, -release of inflammatory mediators( histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes,
interleukins)
-smooth muscle constriction, hypertrophy
- Airflow obstruction ( SOB, wheezing, cyanosis)
- Peripheral edema
- alveolar hyperinflation
- CO2 retention
- Irreversible
Caused by:
-Long-term exposure to environmental irritants
- Repeated episodes of acute bronchitis
- Factor(s) affecting gestational or childhood lung development - the most common
being pre-term birth and/or RSV infection in early infancy
Nephron - Answer-Multicellular structure
- Bowman's capsule
- Tubule system (PCT, Loop of henle, DCT, and collecting duct)
- Glomerular & Peritubular capillaries surround each nephron
-Cannot regenerate
- GFR decreased by 1 ml/min/year after 30
- Filtration
-Reabsorption
- Secretion
- Excretion
Glomerular filtration - Answer-- Blood pressure forces water and dissolved plasma
components ( Glucose, ions, amino acids, urea, and creatinine) through glomerulus &
Bowman's capsule into the renal tubule system
Tubular reabsorption - Answer-Selective return of water and solutes ( glucose, ions,
amino acids, urea) FROM the filtrate of the nephron tubule system INTO the
bloodstream of the peritubular capillaries
-65% of salt, water and most organic substances are reabsorbed in the PCT
- Remainder of water and ions are reabsorbed throughout the tubule system; ADH &
Aldosterone influence amounts
Tubular Secretion - Answer-- Movement of material (Urea, NH3, H, K, some Rx, Misc
chem) FROM the bloodstream of the peritubular capillaries INTO the filtrate of the
nephron tubule system
proximal tubule - Answer-Reabsorption
MIDTERM REVIEW NR507 EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Perfusion - Answer-Blood circulating past the alveloi
Bronchioles - Answer-Three layer tube like structure surrounding the lumen of air
passageway
transition from cartilage to smooth muscle
Parasympathetic stimulation releases acetylcholine for bronchial constriction=
decreased airflow *dominates*
Sympathetic stimulation by epi binds to b-adrendergic receptors to bronchial
dilation=increased airflow
air trapping in asthma - Answer-Mast cell degranulation, triggered by the excessive
amounts of IGE that have formed this individual, will bind the allergen as it enters the
airway. Mast cell degranulation releases chemicals that releases mucus production and
accumulation as well as chemicals that contribute to smooth muscle constriction. that
smooth muscle constriction along with mucus plugs that form, result in hyperinflation of
the alveoli and eventual erosion of airway tissue
Asthma - Answer-- inflammation of the bronchial mucosa that causes bronchial
hyperresponsiveness, bronchoconstriction, variable airflow obstruction that is reversible.
-Symptoms: chest constriction, exp wheezing, dyspnea, coughing, tachycardia,
tachypnea
-Beta-agonist inhaler, inhaled corticosteroids,
-Anticholinergic drugs:Block acetylcholine binding in the lung. Promotes bronchodilation
through decrease parasympathetic response (tiotropium, ipratropium)
Polycythemia vera - Answer-chronic, progressive disease that is characterized by
overgrowth of the bone marrow, excessive red blood cell production, and an enlarged
spleen and causes headache, inability to concentrate, and pain in the fingers and toes
-increased viscosity, platelet dysfunction, hypercoagulable,
Bronchitis - Answer--Bronchial wall inflammation
- Hypersecretion of mucus
- Chronic productive cough (3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years)
, -release of inflammatory mediators( histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes,
interleukins)
-smooth muscle constriction, hypertrophy
- Airflow obstruction ( SOB, wheezing, cyanosis)
- Peripheral edema
- alveolar hyperinflation
- CO2 retention
- Irreversible
Caused by:
-Long-term exposure to environmental irritants
- Repeated episodes of acute bronchitis
- Factor(s) affecting gestational or childhood lung development - the most common
being pre-term birth and/or RSV infection in early infancy
Nephron - Answer-Multicellular structure
- Bowman's capsule
- Tubule system (PCT, Loop of henle, DCT, and collecting duct)
- Glomerular & Peritubular capillaries surround each nephron
-Cannot regenerate
- GFR decreased by 1 ml/min/year after 30
- Filtration
-Reabsorption
- Secretion
- Excretion
Glomerular filtration - Answer-- Blood pressure forces water and dissolved plasma
components ( Glucose, ions, amino acids, urea, and creatinine) through glomerulus &
Bowman's capsule into the renal tubule system
Tubular reabsorption - Answer-Selective return of water and solutes ( glucose, ions,
amino acids, urea) FROM the filtrate of the nephron tubule system INTO the
bloodstream of the peritubular capillaries
-65% of salt, water and most organic substances are reabsorbed in the PCT
- Remainder of water and ions are reabsorbed throughout the tubule system; ADH &
Aldosterone influence amounts
Tubular Secretion - Answer-- Movement of material (Urea, NH3, H, K, some Rx, Misc
chem) FROM the bloodstream of the peritubular capillaries INTO the filtrate of the
nephron tubule system
proximal tubule - Answer-Reabsorption
