Anatomy Spring Semester Review

The division of the nervous system that carries signals from nerve endings to the CNS is the - a. sensory (afferent division) The part of the nervous system that carries signals from the skin, bones, joints, and muscles to the central nervous system is the - d. somatic sensory The central nervous system includes the - c. brain and spinal cord The blood-brain barrier primarily consists of which type of nerve cell? - c. astrocyte When you touch something hot, the type of neurons that send impulses allowing you to withdraw your hand are - b. efferent neurons The type of neuron that has one axon and multiple dendrites is a - c. multipolar neuron Neurons found in the CNS that connect incoming sensory pathways with outgoing motor pathways are called - d. interneurons What are the consequences if a nerve lacks a neurilemma - c. The nerve cannot regenerate if injured When a neuron's cell membrane is polarized and contains an abundance of sodium on the inside and an abundance of potassium on the outside, the cell is - d. unable to react to new stimulus Which statement about nerve impulse conduction in myelinated neurons is true - b. the action potential occurs only at gaps in the myelin When an action potential reaches a synaptic knob and the membrane depolarizes - a. ion channels open and calcium ions enter the cell Which statement about neurotransmitters is true - c. The type of neurotransmitter released determines whether an impulse continues or is stopped Nerves from which region of the spinal cord innervate the chest, head, neck, shoulders, arms, hands, and diaphragm - c. cervical To perform a lumbar puncture, physicians insert a hollow needle into the subarachnoid space between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae and remove a sample of cerebrospinal fluid. Why do you think they choose this location for the procedure - b. because the spinal cord ends at the first lumbar vertebra, minimizing the risk for damaging the spinal cord Gray matter primarily contains - a. neuron cell bodies White matter appears white because of - b. its abundance of myelin Descending spinal tracts carry - d. motor impulses down the spinal cord to skeletal muscles A patient is admitted to the hospital with paralysis on the right side of the body. Magnetic resonance imaging reveals that he has suffered as stroke on the left side of his brain. What is the most likely explanation for the location of his symptoms - b. a stroke on the left side of the brain would affect motor signals being sent to the right side of the body How many pairs of spinal nerves connect to the spinal cord - b. 31 A patient who is experiencing severe pain down the back of the leg most likely has an injury to a nerve in which plexus - c. sacral Which nerve stimulates the diaphragm for breathing - d. phrenic A somatic reflex - a. is a quick, involuntary, and unpredictable response to stimulus Which portion of the brain contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata - d. brainstem If the arachnoid villi were to become nonfunctional, what would be the result - b. the ventricles of the brain would contain too much cerebrospinal fluid Which statement about the medulla oblongata is true - d. it aids in the regulation of breathing Which portion of the brain controls the autonomic nervous system - b. hypothalamus An injury to which part of the brain is most likely to impair reasoning and cause socially inappropriate behavior - a. frontal Someone who has experienced an injury to the hippocampus would most likely - a. lose the ability to form new memories Which statement about the autonomic nervous system is correct - d. autonomic pathways secrete both acetylcholine and norepinephrine as neurotransmitters What structural feature of the sympathetic nervous system allows it to cause the "fight-or-flight" response to be both immediate and widespread - d. preganglionic neurons synapse with multiple postganglionic neurons Where do most sympathetic ganglia exist? - d. in chains along both sides of the spinal cord Where do most parasympathetic ganglia reside? - a. in or near target organs The neurons of the sympathetic division arise from - a. the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord The neurons of the parasympathetic division arise from - b. the cranial and sacral regions of the spinal cord Which statement about sensory receptors is true - c. The intensity of pain depends on the number of fibers stimulated. A patient comes to the emergency department complaining of a dull, aching pain in his lower abdomen. He is experiencing pain carried on - b. slow pain fibers Identify the proper path of the main pain pathway, beginning with the site of injury and ending at the point where the person becomes aware of pain - a. injured tissues stimulate nociceptors; the pain signal then travels to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, the spinothalamic tract relays pain signal to thalamus; the thalamus relays the pain signal to the post central gyrus A patient comes to the hospital with a severe crush injury of the leg. He is complaining of severe pain. He also says he is feeling very nauseous and, after a few minutes, vomits. What is the best explanation for the nausea and vomiting - c. pain signals traveling along the spinoreticular tract carried signals to the hypothalamus and limbic system, triggering nausea as a response to pain. Taste buds send gustatory impulses to the brain through which cranial nerves - a. Facial, glossopharyngeal, or vagus What triggers the process of the sense of smell - a. odor molecules entering the nasal cavity bind to ciclia projecting from the ends of olfactory receptor cells Where are the structures for hearing found? - b. cochlea Which of the following is a structure of the middle ear? - c. malleus In the process of hearing, which action directly stimulates nerve impulses along the cochlear nerve - d. ripples in the perilymph over the hairs of the organ of Corti Which two structures play a key role in the process of balance - d. vestibule and semicircular canals Which of the following would cause the otoliths inside the vestibule to shift and stimulate the vestibular nerve - b. bending forward at the waist Which eye structure secrets a thin mucous film to help keep the eyeball moist? - d. conjunctiva Which of the following cranial nerves are involved when you "roll your eyes" - b. trochlear, oculomotor What is the center point of the retina as seen through an ophthalmoscope - b. macula lutea Which part of the retina produces the sharpest vision and why - d. the fovea centralism produces the sharpest vision because most of the cones are concentrated here What would happen if the canal of Schlemm becomes obstructed - b. the flow of aqueous humor out of the anterior chamber would cease, and pressure in the anterior chamber would rise The curvature of the lends of the eye changes shape to allow the eye to focus on a near object; this is called - c. convergence Which of the following statements about the endocrine system is true - a. endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete their hormone into the bloodstream Steroid hormones - b. pass through the cell wall and bind with receptors in the nucleus of the cell What is a second messenger system? - d. a cascade of processes that influences a cell's response to a hormone Protein-based hormones exert their effects by - b. activating enzymes within a cell The endocrine gland that influences more body processes than any other endocrine gland is the - b. pituitary gland Which statement about the anterior pituitary is correct - b. it releases its hormones into a system of blood vessels called the hypophyseal portal system What is the mechanism whereby one endocrine gland stimulates another endocrine gland to secrete a hormone, which, in turn, causes the first endocrine gland to stop production of its hormone - a. negative feeback The pineal gland secretes - b. melatonin Which gland is part of both the endocrine and immune systems - c. thymus Which hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland - d. calcitonin What would you expect to occur in response to increasing blood levels of calcium - b. the thyroid gland to release calcitonin Which of the following is one of the effects of parathyroid hormone - c. the reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys After undergoing surgical removal of the thyroid gland, the patient begins to experience severe muscle spasms. What is the most likely cause? - c. the parathyroid glands were most likely removed along with the thyroid, causing parathyroid hormone levels to decrease and blood calcium to decline