CCI Exam 4
What is diabetes mellitus?
A chronic condition characterized by high blood sugar levels.
What is the role of the nurse in the prevention, detection, and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus?
Education
conducting screenings
assisting diagnosis process
What is Type 1 diabetes?
An autoimmune disorder characterized by the absence of endogenous insulin production.
What are the manifestations of Type 1 diabetes?
Sudden weight loss, polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyuria (excessive urination), and polyphagia
(excessive hunger).
What is the treatment for Type 1 diabetes?
Exogenous insulin is required.
What is the onset of Type 1 diabetes?
Fast onset.
What is Type 2 diabetes?
A chronic condition characterized by insulin resistance and gradual progression.
What are the risk factors for Type 2 diabetes?
overweight or obese
older age,
family history of diabetes
What is the major distinction between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?
,In Type 1 diabetes, there is an absence of endogenous insulin production, while in Type 2
diabetes, there is insulin resistance.
What are the nonspecific symptoms of diabetes?
fatigue, recurrent infections, prolonged wounds, and visual problems.
What is hypoglycemia?
A blood sugar level less than 70 mg/dL.
What is hyperglycemia?
A blood sugar level of 110 or higher
AD
What are some common causes of hyperglycemia?
Sepsis (infection), stress, skipping insulin doses, and taking steroids (e.g., prednisone).
What diagnostic studies are used to diagnose diabetes?
A1C (6.5% or higher) and fasting plasma glucose (>126 mg/dL).
What is prediabetes?
A condition where blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be
diagnosed as diabetes (Fasting glucose of 100-125 mg/dL).
What is the etiology of hypoglycemia?
Overmedication (insulin), too much exercise without food intake, alcohol use without food intake
What are the assessment findings of hypoglycemia?
BG <70 mg/dL, cold and clammy skin, numbness, tachycardia, headache, nervousness,
tremors, dizziness, unsteady gait, vision changes, possible seizures/coma
What is the initial intervention for hypoglycemia?
Check BG, rule of 15, Check BG again
, What is the management for conscious patients with hypoglycemia?
Eat 15g of quick acting carbs, 4-6 oz orange juice, wait 15 min. Check BG again. If BG still <70,
repeat treatment. Once BG level is stable, give the patient additional food of carbs + protein or
fat
What is the management for unconscious patients with hypoglycemia?
Sub-Q or IM injection of glucagon or glucose (D50). Turn patient on side to prevent aspiration
(have suction equipment ready)
How should insulin be stored?
Keep at room temperature, not in direct sunlight, can last up to 4 weeks
How should insulin needles be stored?
Keep needle upright
AD
What should be known about the delivery of food trays for insulin administration?
Know when the food trays will be delivered
What is the action of biguanides?
Reduces glucose production by the liver
What is the most effective and first-line treatment for Type 2 DM?
Metformin (Glucophage)
What precautions should be taken with metformin prior to contrast labs/exam?
Hold for 24-48 hrs. prior to contrast labs/exam (contrast), kidney, HF, increases lactic acid
What is the action of sulfonylureas?
Increase insulin production from the pancreas
What is the major side effect of sulfonylureas?
Hypoglycemia
What is diabetes mellitus?
A chronic condition characterized by high blood sugar levels.
What is the role of the nurse in the prevention, detection, and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus?
Education
conducting screenings
assisting diagnosis process
What is Type 1 diabetes?
An autoimmune disorder characterized by the absence of endogenous insulin production.
What are the manifestations of Type 1 diabetes?
Sudden weight loss, polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyuria (excessive urination), and polyphagia
(excessive hunger).
What is the treatment for Type 1 diabetes?
Exogenous insulin is required.
What is the onset of Type 1 diabetes?
Fast onset.
What is Type 2 diabetes?
A chronic condition characterized by insulin resistance and gradual progression.
What are the risk factors for Type 2 diabetes?
overweight or obese
older age,
family history of diabetes
What is the major distinction between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?
,In Type 1 diabetes, there is an absence of endogenous insulin production, while in Type 2
diabetes, there is insulin resistance.
What are the nonspecific symptoms of diabetes?
fatigue, recurrent infections, prolonged wounds, and visual problems.
What is hypoglycemia?
A blood sugar level less than 70 mg/dL.
What is hyperglycemia?
A blood sugar level of 110 or higher
AD
What are some common causes of hyperglycemia?
Sepsis (infection), stress, skipping insulin doses, and taking steroids (e.g., prednisone).
What diagnostic studies are used to diagnose diabetes?
A1C (6.5% or higher) and fasting plasma glucose (>126 mg/dL).
What is prediabetes?
A condition where blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be
diagnosed as diabetes (Fasting glucose of 100-125 mg/dL).
What is the etiology of hypoglycemia?
Overmedication (insulin), too much exercise without food intake, alcohol use without food intake
What are the assessment findings of hypoglycemia?
BG <70 mg/dL, cold and clammy skin, numbness, tachycardia, headache, nervousness,
tremors, dizziness, unsteady gait, vision changes, possible seizures/coma
What is the initial intervention for hypoglycemia?
Check BG, rule of 15, Check BG again
, What is the management for conscious patients with hypoglycemia?
Eat 15g of quick acting carbs, 4-6 oz orange juice, wait 15 min. Check BG again. If BG still <70,
repeat treatment. Once BG level is stable, give the patient additional food of carbs + protein or
fat
What is the management for unconscious patients with hypoglycemia?
Sub-Q or IM injection of glucagon or glucose (D50). Turn patient on side to prevent aspiration
(have suction equipment ready)
How should insulin be stored?
Keep at room temperature, not in direct sunlight, can last up to 4 weeks
How should insulin needles be stored?
Keep needle upright
AD
What should be known about the delivery of food trays for insulin administration?
Know when the food trays will be delivered
What is the action of biguanides?
Reduces glucose production by the liver
What is the most effective and first-line treatment for Type 2 DM?
Metformin (Glucophage)
What precautions should be taken with metformin prior to contrast labs/exam?
Hold for 24-48 hrs. prior to contrast labs/exam (contrast), kidney, HF, increases lactic acid
What is the action of sulfonylureas?
Increase insulin production from the pancreas
What is the major side effect of sulfonylureas?
Hypoglycemia
