l
tia
en
fid
on
C
, C
on
fid
en
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Chapter 01: The History of Mental Health Care
l
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The belief of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato that the rational
N
soul controlled the irrational soulcould be compared with the belief of
the more recent psychological theorist:
a. Freud.
b. Pinel.
U
c. Fisher.
d. Rush.
R
ANS: A
Sigmund Freud believed that mental illness was, in part, caused by forces both within and outside the
personality. Philippe Pinel advocated acceptance of mentally ill individuals as human beings in need of
medical assistance. Alice Fisher was a Florence Nightingale nurse who cared for the mentally ill, and
SE
Dr. Benjamin Rush was the author of the book Diseases of the Mind.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension OBJ: 2
TOP: Early Years of Mental Health KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
D
2. During the mid-1500s, behaviors associated with mental illness were more accurately recorded by
professionals. This practice led to _ for different abnormal behaviors.
a. classifications
b. diagnosing
O
c. treatment
d. education
ANS: A
C
Classification of abnormal behaviors did not begin until this time, after the practice of more accurate
recording of behaviors was begun. Diagnoses, treatment guidelines, and any education regarding
mental health disorders were not available during this period.
S
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 3
TOP: Mental Illness During the Renaissance
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
, C
on
fid
3. During the latter part of the 18th century, psychiatry became a separate branch of medicine, and
en
inhumane treatment was greatly diminished by the French hospital director:
a. Dix.
tia
b. Beers.
c. Pinel.
l
d. Carter.
ANS: C
Philippe Pinel advocated acceptance of the mentally ill, as well as proper treatment. Dorothea Dix
crusaded for construction of mental health hospitals. Clifford Beers wrote the book A Mind That
Found Itself. President Jimmy Carter established the President’s Commission on Mental Health in
N
1978.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 4
U
TOP: Mental Illness in the 18th Century KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
R
4. In 1841, surveyed asylums, jails, and almshouses throughout the United States,
Canada, and Scotland and is credited with bringing about public awareness and reform for the care of
the mentally ill.
a. Sigmund Freud
SE
b. John Cade
c. Florence Nightingale
d. Dorothea Dix
ANS: D
Dorothea Dix spent 20 years surveying facilities that housed mentally ill individuals and is credited
D
with major changes in the care of the mentally ill. Sigmund Freud introduced the concept of
psychoanalysis, John Cade discovered lithium carbonate for the treatment of bipolar disorder, and
Florence Nightingale trained nurses in England in the 1800s.
O
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 4
TOP: Mental Illness in the 19th Century KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
C
5. As a direct result of Clifford Beers’ work and book, A Mind That Found Itself, the Committee for
Mental Hygiene was formed in 1909 with a focus on prevention of mental illness and:
a. early detection of symptoms of mental illness.
S
b. education of caregivers.
c. current treatment options.
d. removing the stigma attached to mental illness.
ANS: D
Clifford Beers’ book reflected on his attempt at suicide followed by the deplorable care he received for
the next 3 years in mental hospitals. Beers’ work and book raised the consciousness of people
throughout the country regarding prevention and removal of the stigma of having a mental illness.
Early detection of symptoms, education of caregivers, and current treatment options regarding mental
illness were not the focus of his book, nor were they a priority for the Committee for Mental Hygiene.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 4
, C
on
fid
TOP: Mental Illness in the 20th Century KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
en
MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
tia
6. During the 1930s, what common treatment for schizophrenia caused clients to fall into a coma that
could last as long as 50 hours?
a. Electroconvulsive therapy
l
b. Insulin therapy
c. Humoral therapy
d. Amphetamine therapy
ANS: B
N
Insulin therapy was believed to successfully treat schizophrenia in the early 1900s. Amphetamines
were used to treat depression, and electroconvulsive therapy was used for severe depression. Humoral
therapy, which originated in ancient Greece and Rome, was a belief that mental illness resulted from
U
an imbalance of the humors of air, fire, water, and earth.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 5
R
TOP: Influences of War on Mental Health Therapies
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
7. In the 1930s, what mental health disorder was electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) most often used to
SE
treat?
a. Schizophrenia
b. Bipolar disorder
c. Severe depression
d. Violent behavior
ANS: C
D
ECT was found to be an effective treatment for severe depression in the 1930s. During this period,
schizophrenia was treated with insulin therapy, and violent behavior was treated with a lobotomy. In
1949, lithium carbonate was discovered as a treatment for bipolar disorder.
O
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 5
TOP: Influences of War on Mental Health Therapies
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
C
8. In the early 20th century, a frontal lobotomy was a common treatment for violent behaviors. Which
description of this procedure is accurate?
S
a. A procedure that delivers an electrical stimulus to the frontal lobes of the brain.
b. A surgical procedure that drills holes in the front of the skull to drain fluid.
c. A surgical procedure that severs the frontal lobes of the brain from the thalamus.
d. A surgical procedure that inserts implants into the frontal lobes of the brain.
ANS: C
A frontal lobotomy is a surgical procedure in which the frontal lobes of the brain are severed from the
thalamus.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 5
TOP: Influences of War on Mental Health Therapies
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
, C
on
fid
en
9. In 1937, Congress passed the Hill-Burton Act, which was significant for the treatment of mental health
because it funded:
tia
a. research on drugs for the treatment of mental health disorders.
b. training of mental health professionals.
l
c. construction of psychiatric units in facilities throughout North America.
d. development of community mental health clinics.
ANS: C
The Hill-Burton Act provided money for the construction of psychiatric units in the United States.
N
Research on drugs was not a part of the Hill-Burton Act. Training of mental health professionals was
funded by the National Mental Health Act of 1946, and community mental health centers were not
instituted until the 1960s.
U
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 5 | 9
TOP: Influences of War on Mental Health Therapies
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
R
10. The National Mental Health Act of 1946 provided a means for funding of programs that promote
research on mental health and:
a. development of mental health clinics in the community.
SE
b. training of mental health professionals.
c. treatment for veterans suffering from mental health disorders.
d. educating the public about mental illness.
ANS: B
The National Mental Health Act of 1946 provided much needed training for individuals who cared for
patients with mental health disorders. Community mental health clinics were initiated in the 1960s,
D
treatment for veterans was not funded by this act, and education of the public occurred later.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 5 | 9
O
TOP: Influences of War on Mental Health Therapies
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
11. Which of the following best describes the disorder that was first recognized in veterans following the
C
Korean and Vietnam Wars?
a. Depression
b. Bipolar disorder
S
c. Post-traumatic stress disorder
d. Paranoid schizophrenic disorder
ANS: C
Post-traumatic stress disorder was initially discovered in veterans who had been involved in armed
conflicts. The other disorders also occur in veterans but were not first recognized in soldiers who were
fighting wars.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 5
TOP: Influences of War on Mental Health Therapies
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
, C
on
fid
12. The introduction of in the 1950s led to the deinstitutionalization of many mentally ill
en
individuals.
a. psychotherapeutic drugs
tia
b. community mental health clinics
c. residential treatment centers
l
d. state mental health facilities
ANS: A
Psychotherapeutic drugs allowed for better control of behaviors than did other therapies alone during
the 1950s. Patients were being released from state mental health facilities as a result of
N
psychotherapeutic drug therapy. Community mental health clinics and residential treatment centers
resulted from the deinstitutionalization of patients.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 6
U
TOP: Introduction of Psychotherapeutic Drugs
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
R
13. In 1949, an Australian physician discovered which therapy to be an effective treatment for bipolar
(manic-depressive) illness?
a. Insulin therapy
b. Water/ice therapy
SE
c. Lithium carbonate therapy
d. Electroconvulsive therapy
ANS: C
To this day, lithium is a treatment that is used to effectively balance the manic states and depressive
states of bipolar disorder. None of the other therapies listed are effective for bipolar disorder.
D
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 6
TOP: Introduction of Psychotherapeutic Drugs
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
O
14. In the early 1960s, a committee appointed by President John F. Kennedy recommended the
development of a new approach to the way mental health care was administered, with an emphasis on
the introduction of:
C
a. psychotherapeutic drugs.
b. state mental health care systems.
c. community mental health centers.
S
d. deinstitutionalization of patients.
ANS: C
The emergence of community mental health centers was necessary, in part because of the massive
deinstitutionalization of patients from state mental health care facilities after the introduction of
psychotherapeutic drugs in the 1950s.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 7
TOP: Introduction of Psychotherapeutic Drugs
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
tia
en
fid
on
C
, C
on
fid
en
tia
Chapter 01: The History of Mental Health Care
l
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The belief of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato that the rational
N
soul controlled the irrational soulcould be compared with the belief of
the more recent psychological theorist:
a. Freud.
b. Pinel.
U
c. Fisher.
d. Rush.
R
ANS: A
Sigmund Freud believed that mental illness was, in part, caused by forces both within and outside the
personality. Philippe Pinel advocated acceptance of mentally ill individuals as human beings in need of
medical assistance. Alice Fisher was a Florence Nightingale nurse who cared for the mentally ill, and
SE
Dr. Benjamin Rush was the author of the book Diseases of the Mind.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension OBJ: 2
TOP: Early Years of Mental Health KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
D
2. During the mid-1500s, behaviors associated with mental illness were more accurately recorded by
professionals. This practice led to _ for different abnormal behaviors.
a. classifications
b. diagnosing
O
c. treatment
d. education
ANS: A
C
Classification of abnormal behaviors did not begin until this time, after the practice of more accurate
recording of behaviors was begun. Diagnoses, treatment guidelines, and any education regarding
mental health disorders were not available during this period.
S
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 3
TOP: Mental Illness During the Renaissance
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
, C
on
fid
3. During the latter part of the 18th century, psychiatry became a separate branch of medicine, and
en
inhumane treatment was greatly diminished by the French hospital director:
a. Dix.
tia
b. Beers.
c. Pinel.
l
d. Carter.
ANS: C
Philippe Pinel advocated acceptance of the mentally ill, as well as proper treatment. Dorothea Dix
crusaded for construction of mental health hospitals. Clifford Beers wrote the book A Mind That
Found Itself. President Jimmy Carter established the President’s Commission on Mental Health in
N
1978.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 4
U
TOP: Mental Illness in the 18th Century KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
R
4. In 1841, surveyed asylums, jails, and almshouses throughout the United States,
Canada, and Scotland and is credited with bringing about public awareness and reform for the care of
the mentally ill.
a. Sigmund Freud
SE
b. John Cade
c. Florence Nightingale
d. Dorothea Dix
ANS: D
Dorothea Dix spent 20 years surveying facilities that housed mentally ill individuals and is credited
D
with major changes in the care of the mentally ill. Sigmund Freud introduced the concept of
psychoanalysis, John Cade discovered lithium carbonate for the treatment of bipolar disorder, and
Florence Nightingale trained nurses in England in the 1800s.
O
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 4
TOP: Mental Illness in the 19th Century KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
C
5. As a direct result of Clifford Beers’ work and book, A Mind That Found Itself, the Committee for
Mental Hygiene was formed in 1909 with a focus on prevention of mental illness and:
a. early detection of symptoms of mental illness.
S
b. education of caregivers.
c. current treatment options.
d. removing the stigma attached to mental illness.
ANS: D
Clifford Beers’ book reflected on his attempt at suicide followed by the deplorable care he received for
the next 3 years in mental hospitals. Beers’ work and book raised the consciousness of people
throughout the country regarding prevention and removal of the stigma of having a mental illness.
Early detection of symptoms, education of caregivers, and current treatment options regarding mental
illness were not the focus of his book, nor were they a priority for the Committee for Mental Hygiene.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 4
, C
on
fid
TOP: Mental Illness in the 20th Century KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
en
MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
tia
6. During the 1930s, what common treatment for schizophrenia caused clients to fall into a coma that
could last as long as 50 hours?
a. Electroconvulsive therapy
l
b. Insulin therapy
c. Humoral therapy
d. Amphetamine therapy
ANS: B
N
Insulin therapy was believed to successfully treat schizophrenia in the early 1900s. Amphetamines
were used to treat depression, and electroconvulsive therapy was used for severe depression. Humoral
therapy, which originated in ancient Greece and Rome, was a belief that mental illness resulted from
U
an imbalance of the humors of air, fire, water, and earth.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 5
R
TOP: Influences of War on Mental Health Therapies
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
7. In the 1930s, what mental health disorder was electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) most often used to
SE
treat?
a. Schizophrenia
b. Bipolar disorder
c. Severe depression
d. Violent behavior
ANS: C
D
ECT was found to be an effective treatment for severe depression in the 1930s. During this period,
schizophrenia was treated with insulin therapy, and violent behavior was treated with a lobotomy. In
1949, lithium carbonate was discovered as a treatment for bipolar disorder.
O
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 5
TOP: Influences of War on Mental Health Therapies
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
C
8. In the early 20th century, a frontal lobotomy was a common treatment for violent behaviors. Which
description of this procedure is accurate?
S
a. A procedure that delivers an electrical stimulus to the frontal lobes of the brain.
b. A surgical procedure that drills holes in the front of the skull to drain fluid.
c. A surgical procedure that severs the frontal lobes of the brain from the thalamus.
d. A surgical procedure that inserts implants into the frontal lobes of the brain.
ANS: C
A frontal lobotomy is a surgical procedure in which the frontal lobes of the brain are severed from the
thalamus.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 5
TOP: Influences of War on Mental Health Therapies
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
, C
on
fid
en
9. In 1937, Congress passed the Hill-Burton Act, which was significant for the treatment of mental health
because it funded:
tia
a. research on drugs for the treatment of mental health disorders.
b. training of mental health professionals.
l
c. construction of psychiatric units in facilities throughout North America.
d. development of community mental health clinics.
ANS: C
The Hill-Burton Act provided money for the construction of psychiatric units in the United States.
N
Research on drugs was not a part of the Hill-Burton Act. Training of mental health professionals was
funded by the National Mental Health Act of 1946, and community mental health centers were not
instituted until the 1960s.
U
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 5 | 9
TOP: Influences of War on Mental Health Therapies
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
R
10. The National Mental Health Act of 1946 provided a means for funding of programs that promote
research on mental health and:
a. development of mental health clinics in the community.
SE
b. training of mental health professionals.
c. treatment for veterans suffering from mental health disorders.
d. educating the public about mental illness.
ANS: B
The National Mental Health Act of 1946 provided much needed training for individuals who cared for
patients with mental health disorders. Community mental health clinics were initiated in the 1960s,
D
treatment for veterans was not funded by this act, and education of the public occurred later.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 5 | 9
O
TOP: Influences of War on Mental Health Therapies
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
11. Which of the following best describes the disorder that was first recognized in veterans following the
C
Korean and Vietnam Wars?
a. Depression
b. Bipolar disorder
S
c. Post-traumatic stress disorder
d. Paranoid schizophrenic disorder
ANS: C
Post-traumatic stress disorder was initially discovered in veterans who had been involved in armed
conflicts. The other disorders also occur in veterans but were not first recognized in soldiers who were
fighting wars.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 5
TOP: Influences of War on Mental Health Therapies
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
, C
on
fid
12. The introduction of in the 1950s led to the deinstitutionalization of many mentally ill
en
individuals.
a. psychotherapeutic drugs
tia
b. community mental health clinics
c. residential treatment centers
l
d. state mental health facilities
ANS: A
Psychotherapeutic drugs allowed for better control of behaviors than did other therapies alone during
the 1950s. Patients were being released from state mental health facilities as a result of
N
psychotherapeutic drug therapy. Community mental health clinics and residential treatment centers
resulted from the deinstitutionalization of patients.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 6
U
TOP: Introduction of Psychotherapeutic Drugs
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
R
13. In 1949, an Australian physician discovered which therapy to be an effective treatment for bipolar
(manic-depressive) illness?
a. Insulin therapy
b. Water/ice therapy
SE
c. Lithium carbonate therapy
d. Electroconvulsive therapy
ANS: C
To this day, lithium is a treatment that is used to effectively balance the manic states and depressive
states of bipolar disorder. None of the other therapies listed are effective for bipolar disorder.
D
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 6
TOP: Introduction of Psychotherapeutic Drugs
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
O
14. In the early 1960s, a committee appointed by President John F. Kennedy recommended the
development of a new approach to the way mental health care was administered, with an emphasis on
the introduction of:
C
a. psychotherapeutic drugs.
b. state mental health care systems.
c. community mental health centers.
S
d. deinstitutionalization of patients.
ANS: C
The emergence of community mental health centers was necessary, in part because of the massive
deinstitutionalization of patients from state mental health care facilities after the introduction of
psychotherapeutic drugs in the 1950s.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 7
TOP: Introduction of Psychotherapeutic Drugs
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
