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Samenvatting Immunologie Prof. Poesen en De Somer

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Dit document is een samenvatting en alles wat je moet kennen voor het examen Immunologie. Dit document is gebaseerd op de slides en mijn notities met oog voor details, volledigheid en structuur. Veel succes!

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Table of Contents
HF 1: Het immuunsysteem ............................................................................................. 5
Cellen en organen ................................................................................................................7
De cellen .........................................................................................................................7
Hoe verschillende cellen in het bloed herkennen? ........................................................... 11
De organen .................................................................................................................... 12
Secundair lymfoïde organen/entiteiten ............................................................................ 12
HF 3: De B-cel.............................................................................................................. 15
De B-cel receptor (BCR) ..................................................................................................... 15
Recombinatie v gensegmenten........................................................................................... 19
B cel ontwikkeling .............................................................................................................. 24
HF4: Het complementsysteem ..................................................................................... 27
Het complement systeem .................................................................................................. 27
Wat activeert het complement systeem? ............................................................................ 27
Regeling van het complement systeem ............................................................................... 29
Overzicht regulator eiwitten v/h complement systeem ..................................................... 31
De functie(s) van het complement systeem......................................................................... 31
Lysis van vrussen (envelope) en bacterie (celmembraan Gram-) ....................................... 31
Opsonizatie.................................................................................................................... 32
Inductie van inflammatie en chemotaxis door anaphylatoxines ........................................ 32
HF 5: Het aangeboren IS: de barrières, de herkenning en vernietiging van indringers ......... 33
Anatomische barrières tegen infectie .................................................................................. 33
Vraag: Hoe herkent het aangeboren IS iets als lichaamsvreemd? ......................................... 34
Stap 1: iets als ‘vreemd herkennen .................................................................................. 34
Stap 2A: effector mechanismen door het AIS om de vreemde indringer uit te schakelen .... 38
Regulering van de aangeboren inflammatoire respons ..................................................... 45
Stap 2B: Het aangeboren immuunsysteem activeert het adaptief immuunsysteem ........... 46
HF 6: De T-cel miv MHC receptoren ............................................................................... 47
De T-cel receptor (TCR) ...................................................................................................... 47
Vraag 1: Wat bepaalt die specificiteit van het adaptief immuunsysteem?.............................. 48
T-cel receptor genen en expressie....................................................................................... 48
TCR coreceptoren en accesoire peptiden ........................................................................... 48
MHC-complex ................................................................................................................... 49
MHC klasse I .................................................................................................................. 49
MHC klasse II ................................................................................................................. 50

1

, Overlap v peptide-binding groove .................................................................................... 50
Biding antigen ................................................................................................................ 50
Organisatie en overerving van MHC (ex!) ............................................................................. 51
MHC klasse I moleculen presenteren intracellulaire antigen peptiden .................................. 52
Endogene antigen processing pathways .............................................................................. 52
De exogene pathway v antigen processing + presentatie in APC ........................................... 54
Presentatie van niet-peptide antigenen ............................................................................... 55
Ontwikkeling v T cellen in de thymus ................................................................................... 56
HF 7: T-cel en B-cel activatie......................................................................................... 60
T cel activatie..................................................................................................................... 60
T-cel activatie: 3 signaal hypothese ................................................................................. 60
T-cel activatie: superantigenen ....................................................................................... 63
T-cel differentiatie .............................................................................................................. 64
Subsets van helper T cellen ............................................................................................ 64
Th cel plasticiteit ............................................................................................................ 68
De 4 belangrijkste memory T cel subsets en hun functie ...................................................... 68
T-cel geheugen ............................................................................................................... 68
B-cel activatie.................................................................................................................... 69
B cel ontwikkeling........................................................................................................... 69
Clonale selectie hypothese ................................................................................................ 70
B-cel activatie: T-independente en T-dependente B-cel respons .......................................... 70
T-independente B cel respons ......................................................................................... 70
T-dependente B cel respons: B2 (folliculaire) B-cel .......................................................... 71
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................. 73
T-dependente immuunrespons: migratie van B cel doorheen de lymfeknoop........................ 73
Het germinaal centrum: somatische hypermutatie en klasse switch recombinatie ............... 74
Down-regulatie van B cel activatie ...................................................................................... 76
B-cel geheugen .................................................................................................................. 76
HF 8: De adaptieve immuunrespons in tijd en ruimte ...................................................... 77
Homeostasis: gedrag van immuuncellen voor ze in contact komen met een Ag .................... 77
Immuunrespons bij contact met Ag .................................................................................... 79
De aangeboren immuunrespons ..................................................................................... 79
Eerste contact Ag-lymfocyten (CD4 T cellen, CD8 T cellen, B cellen) ................................ 81
Effector en geheugen immuunrespons ............................................................................ 82
Enkele voorbeelden ........................................................................................................... 83
HF 9: effectorfuncties .................................................................................................. 84

2

, Antistof-gemedieerde immuniteit ....................................................................................... 84
Cel gemedieerde immuniteit .............................................................................................. 88
HF 10: Barrière immuniteit............................................................................................ 91
Barrière immuniteit: begrippen en algemene principes ........................................................ 91
Intestinale immuniteit ........................................................................................................ 93
Andere barrière immuniteit ................................................................................................. 98
HF 11: Infectieziekten en vaccinatie .............................................................................. 99
Belang v barrière immuniteit en het innate immuunsysteem ................................................ 99
Virale infecties ................................................................................................................. 100
Bacteriële infecties .......................................................................................................... 103
Parasitaire infecties.......................................................................................................... 103
Schimmelinfecties ........................................................................................................... 104
Emerging en reemerging infecties ..................................................................................... 105
Vaccinatie ....................................................................................................................... 106
HF 12: Allergie ........................................................................................................... 109
Hypersensitiviteitsreacties: voordelig of schadelijk? .......................................................... 109
Type 1: IgE gemedieerd → allergieën ............................................................................... 110
Type 2: IgM of IgG gemedieerd → antistof gemedieerd ........................................................ 115
Type 3: immuuncomplexen .............................................................................................. 116
Type 4: celgemedieerd → delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) ............................................ 116
HF 13: Tolerantie, auto-immuniteit, transplantatie ....................................................... 119
Tolerantie ........................................................................................................................ 119
Inductie en handhaving v tolerantie ............................................................................... 119
Auto-immuniteit............................................................................................................... 121
Orgaanspecifieke auto-immuniteit ................................................................................ 121
Wat veroorzaakt auto-immuniteit? ................................................................................ 122
Behandeling ................................................................................................................. 122
Transplantatie en rejectie ................................................................................................. 124
Transplantatie immunologie ......................................................................................... 124
HF 14: Immuundeficiënties ........................................................................................ 126
Primaire immuundeficiëntie ............................................................................................. 126
CID .............................................................................................................................. 128
Behandeling ................................................................................................................. 131
Secundaire immuundeficiënties ....................................................................................... 132
HIV .............................................................................................................................. 132
HF 15: Kanker en het immuunsysteem ........................................................................ 135

3

, Terminologie .................................................................................................................... 135
Maligne transformatie van cellen ...................................................................................... 135
Tumor antigenen .............................................................................................................. 137
Immuunrespons tov kanker .............................................................................................. 138
Factoren die immuunrespons tov kanker beïnvloeden ....................................................... 139
Kanker immuuntherapie ................................................................................................... 140




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