MSN 570 ADVANCE PATHO MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE
MI ~ Correct Answer ~Death of myocardium from sudden blockage of coronary
artery blood flow
What causes cell death in MI? ~ Correct Answer ~unstable plaque breaks off,
triggering platelet aggregation, coagulation cascade and thrombus formation.
continued no blood flow in 10 seconds ischemia, 20 minutes cell die
What consequence of cell death leads to CP? ~ Correct Answer ~hypoxia as
cannot meet cell demand for oxygen
How is MI diagnosed ~ Correct Answer ~EKG (STEMI) or elevated Troponin
(non-STEMI)
What might you find in blood consistent with MI? ~ Correct Answer ~elevated
CK MB, Troponin
Where does CK MB and Troponin come from? ~ Correct Answer ~Release of
lysosomal enzymes; CK MB detected after myocardial necrosis, Troponin
released from damaged heart muscle
3 mechanism of cell injury related to reperfussion injury ~ Correct Answer
~ischemia, necrosis, reperfussion l/t RAS
,define reperfussion injury ~ Correct Answer ~injury that occurs after oxygen is
reintroduced to tissue perfusion
how does inflammatory process contribute to reperfussion injury? ~ Correct
Answer ~as oxygen is reintroduced it comes in contact with damaged proteins
triggering inflammatory response
how does oxidative process contribute to RI? ~ Correct Answer ~RAS causes
impairment of cell membrane and pro-apotptoic cells release. making cell
unstable
what is primary Hypertension? ~ Correct Answer ~Essential or idiopathic,
elevated BP without an identified cause, accounts for 90 - 95% of all cases of
hypertension?
what is secondary hypertension? ~ Correct Answer ~Elevated BP, labile BP;
related to conditions ie kidney dz; resistant to BP meds
what is significance of Ventricular hypertrophy and HTN? ~ Correct Answer
~persistent hypertension leads to ventricular hypertrophy; decrease CO
what comorbidities/conditions does HTN cause? ~ Correct Answer ~stroke,
ischemia, heart failure, aneurysm, hemorrhage
, what is preload? ~ Correct Answer ~volume of blood in ventricles at end of
diastole
what is afterload? ~ Correct Answer ~peripheral resistance against which the left
ventricle must pump
hoe does HTN l/t CHF? ~ Correct Answer ~overwork left ventricle due to
increase pressure; decreased pumping ability of heart and decreases CO.
identify pathological process of gangrene? ~ Correct Answer ~form of
coagulative necrosis; interruption of blood flow l/t denaturing cells enzymes and
bacterial invasion
three types of gangrene ~ Correct Answer ~dry, wet & gas
what is the major treatment approach for gangrene? ~ Correct Answer
~removing affective tissue to prevent infection; treating problem that led to
gangrene
why use antibiotic for gangrene? ~ Correct Answer ~to slow bacterial damage
What are the two major necrotic processes? ~ Correct Answer ~Coagulative and
liquifactive
MI ~ Correct Answer ~Death of myocardium from sudden blockage of coronary
artery blood flow
What causes cell death in MI? ~ Correct Answer ~unstable plaque breaks off,
triggering platelet aggregation, coagulation cascade and thrombus formation.
continued no blood flow in 10 seconds ischemia, 20 minutes cell die
What consequence of cell death leads to CP? ~ Correct Answer ~hypoxia as
cannot meet cell demand for oxygen
How is MI diagnosed ~ Correct Answer ~EKG (STEMI) or elevated Troponin
(non-STEMI)
What might you find in blood consistent with MI? ~ Correct Answer ~elevated
CK MB, Troponin
Where does CK MB and Troponin come from? ~ Correct Answer ~Release of
lysosomal enzymes; CK MB detected after myocardial necrosis, Troponin
released from damaged heart muscle
3 mechanism of cell injury related to reperfussion injury ~ Correct Answer
~ischemia, necrosis, reperfussion l/t RAS
,define reperfussion injury ~ Correct Answer ~injury that occurs after oxygen is
reintroduced to tissue perfusion
how does inflammatory process contribute to reperfussion injury? ~ Correct
Answer ~as oxygen is reintroduced it comes in contact with damaged proteins
triggering inflammatory response
how does oxidative process contribute to RI? ~ Correct Answer ~RAS causes
impairment of cell membrane and pro-apotptoic cells release. making cell
unstable
what is primary Hypertension? ~ Correct Answer ~Essential or idiopathic,
elevated BP without an identified cause, accounts for 90 - 95% of all cases of
hypertension?
what is secondary hypertension? ~ Correct Answer ~Elevated BP, labile BP;
related to conditions ie kidney dz; resistant to BP meds
what is significance of Ventricular hypertrophy and HTN? ~ Correct Answer
~persistent hypertension leads to ventricular hypertrophy; decrease CO
what comorbidities/conditions does HTN cause? ~ Correct Answer ~stroke,
ischemia, heart failure, aneurysm, hemorrhage
, what is preload? ~ Correct Answer ~volume of blood in ventricles at end of
diastole
what is afterload? ~ Correct Answer ~peripheral resistance against which the left
ventricle must pump
hoe does HTN l/t CHF? ~ Correct Answer ~overwork left ventricle due to
increase pressure; decreased pumping ability of heart and decreases CO.
identify pathological process of gangrene? ~ Correct Answer ~form of
coagulative necrosis; interruption of blood flow l/t denaturing cells enzymes and
bacterial invasion
three types of gangrene ~ Correct Answer ~dry, wet & gas
what is the major treatment approach for gangrene? ~ Correct Answer
~removing affective tissue to prevent infection; treating problem that led to
gangrene
why use antibiotic for gangrene? ~ Correct Answer ~to slow bacterial damage
What are the two major necrotic processes? ~ Correct Answer ~Coagulative and
liquifactive
